Summary of Interesting Results Here are some of the newest, most interesting results of the study: tbd

Ampulloclitocybe - click to expand Clitocyboid. Grey or brown slightly umbonate (yet depressed in age) caps, strongly decurrent white gills. Resembles Cantharellula but without the forking gills that stain red in age and without amyloid spores. (Pseudoclitocybe in the Tricholomatineae has no umbo, no forking, no staining and amyloid spores). Species mentioned: Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, avellaneialba, avellaneoalba. Clitocybe subclavipes.   Ampulloclitocybe aff. clavipes - grey or brown cap with a small umbo (yet depressed in age), strongly decurrent white gills, a club stem and often a grape bubble gum odor when fresh (but sometimes not). Bigelow reported Clitocybe clavipes EU (now Ampulloclitocybe clavipes) as very common here, and the odorless, slightly microscopically different Clitocybe subclavipes NY (nobody has bothered to move it to Ampulloclitocybe yet) as being here as well. He noted that out west there was less of a bulb on the stem because the stems were overall thicker to begin with. Well, that character is significant, as our species is likely undescribed, 2% different in ITS. The two named species may be distinct, although only 3 bp and 2 indels separate them, but neither of them are here. Our species needs to be described with a thicker stem (making the bulb less pronounced) and that it may or may not have the odor at easily detectable levels. Ampulloclitocybe sub-sub-clavipes n.p. anyone? Ampulloclitocybe avellaneialba WA - (formerly misspelled A. avellaneoalba), usually with a darker grey or brown cap that may have a slightly ribbed cap margin. Lacking the bulb and the odor. This species may occur on or near rotting wood. Don't mistake them for the thinner-fleshed Gerronema atrialbum. Not always darker than A. aff. clavipes, as you can see, the darker of the two A. aff. clavipes photos is much like the paler of the two A. avellaneialba photos. Then you have to consider the amount of odor and stem bulb. Ampulloclitocybe clavipes © Yi-Min Wang, NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     A. avellaneialba © Yi-Min Wang and Yi-Min Wang

Arrhenia s.l. - click to expand There are two very distinct looks for Arrhenia, and some species of the first type don't have strong support for belonging to this genus. small dark brown (rarely greenish) omphalinoids on wood or moss (other omphalinoids are not usually dark brown) small dark brown (rarely pale grey) "oysters" with eccentric/lateral/missing stems (but growing on the ground in moss, not on wood) sometimes with poorly developed gills. Rimbachia and Muscinupta also lack gills and grow on moss on the ground. Species mentioned: Arrhenia acerosa, subglobisemen, lobata, auriscalpium, retiruga, chlorocyanea, epichysium, hohensis, obscurata, onisca, peltigerina, pubescentipes, rainierensis, sphagnicola.   My ITS only tree shows that Arrhenia, as well as Lichenomphalia below, fall into 2 distinct clades far enough from each other and it appears that a few of the species might need to be moved to their own genus. In this case, a few of the omphalinoid Arrhenias appear to be only distantly related to the others. I would like a multi-gene study to verify this, as mine is not the only study to show that all Arrhenias don't necessarily belong together.   1. Moss associates with eccentric stems and possibly poorly developed gills These species don't appear to all group together (they may have gained or lost this shape in more than one event) so we probably can't give them their own genus. We just have to accept that there are two very distinct looks for Arrhenia. Similar looking mushrooms are found in Rimbachia (Tricholomatineae) and Muscinupta (Hymenochaetales). Arrhenia aff. subglobisemen - brown, short lateral stem, fairly well developed gills. It was reported that we have Arrhenia acerosa EU here, but three sequences turn out to be 2% different than A. subglobisemen instead and much further away from A. acerosa. If anybody thinks A. acerosa is really here, save a collection because we have EU DNA to compare to. It is a complex where ITS DNA can vary by 2%, and has spores that vary widely in shape, often being almost round like in A. subglobisemen, so that may have created the confusion, and if the spore shape corresponds with certain ITS sequences in the complex, it could also mean A. acerosa will be split up into more than one species. Arrhenia cf. lobata EU - brown, stemless, poorly developed wrinkle-like "gills". Reported from the PNW, and we have EU DNA to compare to, but no collections to prove it's really here. We need some, especially since it's similar to the previous species. Arrhenia aff. auriscalpium - long lateral stem, slightly veined underside. One North American sequence is 2% different than type area EU sequences. We don't have local sequences (we need them) but ours is probably a sister species and not the real thing. Arrhenia aff. retiruga - paler tan or grey felty cap, stemless, almost smooth underneath. One WA sequence is 3% different than 2 competing concepts in the EU for what this species is. Ours likely needs a new name. Arrhenia aff. subglobisemen © Laruen Ré,     A. aff. auriscalpium © Ben Woo,     A. aff. retiruga © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History   2. Brown (rarely green) omphalinoid mushrooms 'Clitocybe' atroviridis WA (=Arrhenia chlorocyanea EU?) - This unique, beautiful dark green omphalinoid, found on the ground often in moss, was described from WA as Clitocybe atroviridis but that is thought to be a synonym of the older EU species Arrhenia chlorocyanea. We don't have any EU sequences of that mushroom to compare to, and given that our local species of other Arrhenias has turned out to be different than the EU counterpart that was thought to be the same, we need EU sequences to find out for sure. If not, we'll need to rename ours to Arrhenia atroviridis. Arrhenia cf chlorocyanea © Ben Woo   'Arrhenia' aff. epichysium EU - recognizable by its growth on wood (maybe moss covered) instead of the ground. Our one local OR sequence is 10% different than either of the two possible EU sequences we have and our species likely needs a new name. This is one of those that may need to be moved to the new genus. 'Arrhenia' aff. epichysium OR © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History   The following lookalike dark brown omphalinoid species, from the ground or moss, are reported from here, but the sequenced local collections have not been matched up with anything specific yet. Arrhenia cf peltigera NY - on Peltigera lichen. Bigelow claims to have found this in Idaho, but we need local collections to sequence to verify if it's really here. We don't even know what its DNA looks like, the three east coast sequence that purport to be this are all different sister species. Arrhenia cf obscurata UK - on sandy soil or moss, reported from ID and BC. We don't have any UK sequences, but we have some ENA sequences of what appear to be the same thing. No local sequences match them yet. We need collections. Arrhenia onisca EU - on moss or burned moss. No local nor EU sequences yet so this is still a mystery. I have no idea if it really belongs in Arrhenia or not. Arrhenia rainierensis WA - on soil or moss with interesting shaped spores. Described from here but we don't have any reliable sequences. I don't even know for sure if this is one of those that might not belong with Arrhenia. Arrhenia pubescentipes ID - on soil or moss. No local sequences, so no idea if it really belongs in Arrhenia or not. 'Arrhenia' hohensis WA - on soil or moss. Described from here but we have no sequences. One mycologist suggested it might be similar to or the same as the EU species Arrhenia obatra, if so, that species appears to be one of those possibly needing to be moved to the new genus, so maybe A. hohensis does too, but maybe not. 'Arrhenia' sphagnicola EU - on sphagnum moss. We have no reliable sequences from anywhere so this is still a mystery too. Perhaps it needs to be moved to the new genus, since one EU sequence purporting to be this and one local sequence (sp. 3) that was found in sphagnum are in the clade that is separate from Arrhenia s.s. Arrhenia sp. 1 OR © Bitty Roy,     A. sp. 2 OR © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     'Arrhenia' sp. 3 in Sphagnum © Luca Hickey

Cantharellula - click to expand Clitocyboid. Grey or brown slightly umbonate (yet depressed in age) caps, strongly decurrent white gills. So far that describes Ampulloclitocybe, but these have forking gills that stain red in age and amyloid spores. (Pseudoclitocybe in the Tricholomatineae has no umbo, no forking, no staining and amyloid spores). Species mentioned: Cantharellula umbonata, oregonensis.   Cantharellula umbonata EU - one CA sequence is a couple indels different and has a few ambiguous locations, but it seems to be a dirty sequence at the beginning so I'm not sure we're seeing all the differences. We probably have this EU species here, but some local collections will be needed to be sure. East coast sequences match the EU very well except for a few ambiguous locations. 'Cantharellula' oregonensis OR - In 1942 Singer thought that Murrill's 1913 Clitocybe oregonensis should be called Cantharellula oregonensis, but it doesn't have forking gills and doesn't stain red, so I don't think he was right. Then he himself changed his mind in 1961 and called it Pseudoclitocybe oregonensis. I think that might be right, see the Pseudoclitocybe page for more information. Cantharellula umbonata © Steve Trudell

Cantharocybe - click to expand A large and stocky, bright yellow, strongly decurrent mushroom often with an off centre stem. Species mentioned: Cantharocybe gruberi.   Cantharocybe gruberi ID -We have DNA from CA, but it was described from ID, so we need specimens from closer to Idaho to verify that it's all one species and we have the DNA of the true species. Cantharocybe gruberi © Danny Miller

Chrysomphalina - click to expand Colourful (almost waxy), small mushrooms growing on wood with dry caps. They also have decurrent gills an may be hygrophanous. Species mentioned: Chrysomphalina aurantiaca, grossula, chrysophylla   Chrysomphalina aurantiaca OR - small, completely orange little waxy, with many local sequences. Chrysomphalina grossula EU - yellow-green little waxy. One or two consecutive and equal chunks, four nucleotides long (GCAT) may be missing from our DNA compared to European DNA, but as a single event could drop all those characters, that probably doesn't represent enough of a change to constitute ours being a separate species. Otherwise, there is only 1 or 2bp difference. Chrysomphalina chrysophylla EU - brown capped, golden yellow little waxy. Washington and California DNA matches European DNA, so our local species is the real thing. Chrysomphalina aurantiaca and grossula © Kit Scates Barnhart, Chrysomphalina chrysophylla © A and O Ceska

Lichenomphalia and Protolichenomphalia - click to expand One of two known PNW basidiolichens (algae usually pair with ascos to form a lichen). The other is Multiclavula, a club. Yellowish tan omphalinoids growing out of lichen on conifer logs. Our most abundant species may need a new genus.   'Lichenomphalia' umbellifera EU - dull colours, granular green lichen material at the base. Local sequences match EU sequences within a couple of bp plus a few ambiguous locations. However, this species is not closely related to the type species of Lichenomphalia, described next, and has been placed in its own subgenus, Protolichenomphalia. My ITS studies show that it actually belongs in its own genus, and some other studies have shown that as well "depending on the methods, genes and taxa used" as quoted from another study. A multi-gene study will have to resolve the issue, in the meantime, there is a fair chance it will have to be renamed to Protolichenomphalia umbellifera. Lichenomphalia cf hudsoniana Nunavut, Canada - more brightly coloured, with leafy green lichen material at the base. It also has a somewhat coloured spore print (orange-yellow) and a pubescent stem, growing on tundra in the far north. We need local collections to prove it's here, we only have ENA and Scandinavian DNA. This is the type species of the genus, and gets to stay in Lichenomphalia. Lichenomphalia umbellifera © Steve Trudell

Pseudoarmillariella - click to expand Medium sized thin-fleshed funnel shaped Clitocyboids on conifer logs. Yellowish-tan radially streaky cap, occasional forked gills that are sometimes quite yellow. Amyloid spores. No other fair-sized white spored mushroom quite like it grows out of logs, even though if you found it growing from the ground you'd be stumped.   Pseudoarmillariella ectypoides NY - Our local DNA matches ENA DNA quite well. Pseudoarmillariella ectypoides © Yi-Min Wang and Danny Miller

Spodocybe - click to expand Small felty grey Clitocyboids. Species mentioned: Spodocybe trulliformis.   Spodocybe sp. 1 and sp. 2 - probably 6-7% different than the EU Spodocybe trulliformis and in need of new names, and ways to tell them apart from each other and S. trulliformis which that have always been mistaken for. Spodocybe sp. 1 © Danny Miller and Richard Morrison,     S. sp. 2 © Yi-Min Wang

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