Introduction - click to expand The Polyporales order is best known for containing a bunch of conks/polypores. Three orders contain most polypores: The Polyporales contain most (and probably the best known) polypores, usually with whitish pores and flesh (notably except for Phaeolus and maybe Funalia). The Hymenochaetales polypores usually have rusty orange brown pores and flesh. They often have setae (microscopic short, thick walled, dark hairs visible with a dissecting scope in some parts of the fruiting body), don't have clamps, and usually have round to elliptical to cylindrical spores. 'Pycnoporus' and Pyconoporellus are bright orange everywhere and in group 1 (this page). The Gloeophyllales also have rusty orange brown pores and flesh as well, but never have setae, do have clamps, and have cylindrical spores. Unlike the other 3 categories, these probably never have stems. Some mushrooms in other orders evolved polypores as well, many of them stemmed, for instance Agaricales (Fistulina), Russulales (Albatrellaceae, Bondarzewiaceae, Echinodontiaceae), Thelephorales (Boletopsis). This order is every bit as confusing as it first appears. There are 25 families in the order so far. It has long been controversial which genus and family many of these species belong in, and the DNA is finally starting to yield some answers. There have been some good multi-gene studies, like Liu 2022, Liu 2023, Justo 2017, and Shen 2019. I have scoured all the papers I can find and made my own trees to duplicate their results. Here I present the best available information for the proper genus and family for each species, when known. This order contains mostly polypores with caps, but also many species with gills, wrinkled hymenia and toothed hymenia. Many others are true crusts with a smooth hymenium. There are so many species that I have grouped them by family and genus, not by what they look like. This page does not have a key, so as it stands it cannot really be used to figure out which polypore you have if you don't know already. To try and figure out that, try Jim Ginns' excellent well illustrated volume of the species of PNW polypores, or my pictorial linked at the top of this page. Resupinate Polyporales that I might not cover yet: resupinate crusts with smooth or bumpy hymenia (Bulbillomyces, Crustoderma, Crustomyces, Cystostereum, Dacryobolus, Hyphoderma, Hypochnicium, Lyomyces, Metulodontia, Mutatoderma, Mycoacia, Phlebia, Scopuloides, Hyphodermella, Phaeophlebiopsis, Phanerochaete, Phlebiopsis, Rhizochaete, Xenasma, Xenasmatella, Xenosperma, Phlebiella). resupinate crusts with wrinkled or toothed hymenia (e.g. Radulodon, Steccherinum) resupinate crusts with pores. There are surprisingly many of these, especially white poroid resupinates. I also do not yet cover the following poroid genera found in other orders, mostly resupinates. Hymenochaetales - Hyphodontia, Oxyporus, Sidera lenis (=Skeletocutis lenis), Cyanotrama (Cyanotrama rimosus NM (was Diplomitoporus rimosus) on juniper. Two US sequences of collections by Rvarden probably represent this, but we I don't know what part of the country they are from. We need local collections. Neoantrodiellaceae). Russulales - Lindtneria, Wrightoporia Boletales - Meruliporia Agaricales - Porothelium Auriculariales - Aporpium Trechisporales - Trechispora Amylocorticiales - Anomoloma, Anomoporia Atheliales - Byssoporia ant common uncommon rare - colour codes match my Pictorial Key and are my opinions and probably reflect my bias of living in W WA. Rare species may be locally common in certain places at certain times.

Panaceae (gilled) - click to expand Large, tough, stemmed hardwood oyster mushrooms (usually the stem is off centre, but is sometimes central) that may have purplish tones or a hairy cap when fresh. Genera: Panus.   Panus conchatus EU - purple when fresh, but quickly fading to brown. a local WA sequence matches some EU sequences. Panus neostrigosus EU (=Lentinus strigosus EU, =Panus rudis EU) - has a very hairy cap. The names L. strigosus and P. rudis were confusing and problematic, so the species was redescribed with a new name and the old names are being abandoned. Lentinus are stemmed polypores, not gilled mushrooms. Some Canadian sequences of P. neostrigosus match Turkish and Russian sequences and suggest we have this species here. We need type area and local collections. Panus conchatus © Sadie Hickey (2 images) and unsequenced © Danny Miller,     unsequenced P. neostrigosus © Steve Trudell

Incertae Cedis - click to expand Species mentioned: 'Antrodia' madronae, 'Porpomyces' mucidus, Erastia salmonicolor, Polyporales PNW01. Tyromyces amarus. Hypochnicium lyndoniae.   Polyporales PNW01 (=Tyromyces amarus CA?) - Yellow pores that stain brown, soft yellow flesh that exudes a yellow "latex", tan cap that turns black in places, growing on a standing dead conifer, likely incense cedar. Collected and sequenced once from OR. This species may be what they call Tyromyces amarus CA, although if so, it probably needs a new genus. Even the LSU sequence is 91% distant from everything else. I don't even know what family it is in. It may need its own family, or a multi-gene tree may be able to place it in an existing family. Polyporales PNW01© Jonathan Frank (2 images)   Resupinate Incertae Cedis 'Porpomyces' mucidus EU - another pale yellow resupinate pore surface. I can't tell for sure what genus and family it belongs in, but it is not in Ceriporiopsis where some have placed it. We have many EU sequences. Erastia salmonicolor SC (=Hapalopilus salmonicolor) - a bright orange to pink resupinate pore surface that turns red in KOH. This is the type of the genus, but we don't have DNA yet. If sequences of Erastia ochraceolateritius Russia are to be believed, we have DNA of something in this genus. Hypochnicium lyndoniae Australia - a white crust of long teeth. One WA sequence matches New Zealand sequences. This genus needs its own family. Other Hypochnicium species are reported from the PNW too. Hypochnicium lyndoniae © Jack Johnson

Adustoporiaceae, Auriporiaceae and Fibroporiaceae - click to expand These are families of resupinate pore surfaces, most white but some colourful, most formerly in Antrodia. This is what happened to most resupinate Antrodia after its splits. Genera: Adustoporia, Amyloporia, Lentoporia, Resinoporia, Rhodonia, Auriporia, Fibroporia.   Adustoporiaceae Adustoporia sinuosa EU (=Antrodia sinuosa) - with irregularly shaped pores. we have a Chinese sequence purporting to be this. 'Antrodia' sitchensis AK  - We have a MT sequence purporting to be this, in the genus Adustoporia. Other collections from AZ and elsewhere have turned out to be Resinoporia ignobilis AZ. We need local collections to see which genus this species belongs in. Amyloporia alpina EU (=Antrodia alpina) - we have an OR and MT sequence, but no type area sequence to compare to. Amyloporia xantha EU (=Antrodia xantha) - a lemon yellow resupinate pore surface. We have a Chinese sequence purporting to be this. Lentoporia carbonica MT (=Antrodia carbonica) - a white resupinate pore surface rescued from obscurity by having strongly amyloid flesh that turns black in iodine. We have WA, OR and BC sequences of this. Resinoporia crassa EU (=Antrodia crassa) - We have EU sequences and matching Russian and Chinese sequences. We need local collections. Resinoporia ferox AR (=Antrodia ferox) - We have a US sequence purporting to be this. We need local collections. Resinoporia sordida NH (=Antrodia sordida) - We have a NY sequence of this species. Worldwide collections seem to be sister species. We need local collections. Rhodonia placenta EU (=Postia placenta) - perhaps soft and cheesy like Postia when fresh, resupinate, often with a pink pore surface, but our one WA sequenced collection was white, making it very nondescript. It matches EU sequences of pink collections. Lentoporia carbonica © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History, and Danny Miller (showing amyloid reaction),     Rhodonia placenta © Richard Morrison   Fibroporiaceae Fibroporia gossypina Argentina (=Antrodia gossypina) - angular white pores. We have a Chinese sequence purporting to be this but not type area sequences nor local sequences. Fibroporia radiculosa NY (=Antrodia radiculosa) - bright yellow. we have a Chinese sequence purporting to be this but no ENA type area sequences nor local sequences. Fibroporia vaillantii EU (=Antrodia vaillantii) - white. EU, ENA and WNA sequence match, but we still need PNW collections.   Auriporiaceae Auriporia aurea NY - yellow. we have a reliable NM sequence. This has now been given its own family.

Cerrenaceae - click to expand Angular to maze like pores. Duplex flesh (spongy in the upper layer and corky in the lower layer). Spongipellis (Meripilaceae) has regular pores. The maze-like pored species in Spongipellis were moved here to Pseudospongipellis. Genera: Cerrena, Pseudospongipellis.   Cerrena unicolor EU - turkey tail sized (but with pale maze-like pores turning dark brown and duplex flesh), the two flesh layers separated by a black line. It is susceptible to algae growing on the hairy white cap making it look green. Other maze-pored turkey tail sized polypores, like Datronia (Cerioporus), Daedaleopsis, and Coriolopsis (Funalia), have darker brown caps. EU and worldwide sequences match. We have one BC sequence within 4bp of them. Pseudospongipellis delectans OH (=Spongipellis delectans) - a pale, soft, thick, conk usually on cottonwood. We have east coast sequences of this species but need local collections. Pseudospongipellis unicolor Carolinas (=Spongipellis unicolor) - similar, usually on oak. we have east coast sequences of this species but need local collections. Cerrena unicolor © Yi-Min Wang,     unsequenced Pseudospongipellis unicolor from AZ © Christian Schwarz

Climacocystaceae - click to expand Climacocystis is distinct (an up to 15cm large white to orange, very soft polypore with odd-shaped pores and a very hairy cap). It could be confused with a large, hairy Postia. The closely related Diplomitoporus is yet another pale resupinate pore surface. Genera: Climacocystis, Diplomitoporus.   Climacocystis borealis EU - WA and OR sequences match dozens of EU type area sequences. Climacocystis borealis © Leah Bendlin and Michael Beug   Resupinates in this family Diplomitoporus crustulinus WA/MT - yet another pale resupinate pore surface. We need local sequences, but Chinese and ENA match each other, so that probably shows us what our sequence will be. Cyanotrama rimosus NM (=Diplomitoporus rimosus) - This resupinate species of Diplomitoporus was moved to a new genus that is in a different order, the Hymenochaetales, and belongs on that page.

Dacryobolaceae - click to expand Postia s.l. - this family includes most brown rot, whitish, "cheese" polypores (spongy soft when fresh) all formerly in Postia (most have caps). Compare to the white rot "cheese" polypores in the Incrustoporiaceae. Jahnoporus - the brown cap and stemmed iodine polypore. Genera: Jahnoporus, Amaropostia, Amylocystis, Calcipostia, Cyanosporus, Cystidiopostia, Fuscopostia, Oligoporus, Osteina, Postia, Ptychogaster, Spongiporus, Tenuipostia.   Jahnoporus hirtus EU - a stemmed polypore (off centre) growing from the ground with a felty brown cap and stem, bitter taste, and odor of iodine. Our many local sequences differ by at most 3 bp and a couple ambiguous locations from EU sequences. Jahnoporus hirtus © Steve Trudell   Blue "cheese" polypores - (white, smallish, staining blue, common as a group) Cyanosporus arbuti WA (=Postia arbuti) - staining blue on madrone. We have the type sequence and other WA and BC sequences. Cyanosporus 'caesiosimulans PNW01' (=Postia caesiosimulans NY?) - staining blue on spruce and fir. A bunch of WA sequences of this NY species are slightly different in ITS and TEF1, and have slightly wider spores than the NY epitype collection, so they left the possibility open that our species might be different. Cyanosporus 'cyanescens PNW02' - One WA sequence from Doug fir is different than the others, and is close to Cyanosporus casesiosimulans NY and Cyanosporus cyanescens EU, so I'm not sure what name to give it. Cyanosporus in the PNW definitely needs more study. Let's get more Doug fir collections sequenced. Cyanosporus 'livens PNW03' (=Postia livens NY?) - staining blue on spruce. An EWA sequence is 3 bp different than the NY holotype sequence, and our collection has wider spores. Perhaps more interestingly, it is a hardwood species in NY and here it was found on spruce. So they left open the possibility that our species might be different. Cyanosporus 'simulans PNW04' EU (=Postia simulans EU?) - on hemlock, pine or spruce. ITS is almost identical in our local collections compared to the EU epitype sequence, but apparently TEF1 shows some differences. Cyanosporus simulans is mostly known from hardwoods in ENA, but conifers out here. Cyanosporus subviridis Mexico (=Postia subviridis) - on spruce. A couple WA sequences match well with Mexican sequences. Cyanosporus arbuti © Yi-Min Wang,     Cyanosporus 'cyanescens PNW02' © Michael Beug,     C. 'simulans PNW04' © T. Abe Lloyd,     C. subviridis © Jordan Gates   Rusty "cheese" polypores - (white, staining rusty orange rather easily) Amylocystis PNW01 - two collections had a fuzzy cap (the others are smooth capped) and stained orange-red. It differs by 6 bp (mostly in ITS1) from A. lapponica. Amylocystis lapponica EU - usually thick fleshed. Some local sequences match over a dozen EU sequences. Fuscopostia fragilis EU (=Postia fragilis) - usually not as thick fleshed as Amylocystis lapponica, but best differentiated microscopically. A couple dozen EU sequences match each other very well. One WA sequence matches very well, but an OR sequence is about 5-6 bp different and a BC sequence is 4 more bp different from that. Chinese sequences also cluster separately. It's possible there is more than one species in here, but the paper that described Fuscopostia failed to find any morphologial differences and treats them all as one species. Fuscopostia leucomallella FL sensu Shen (=Postia leucomallella) - said to stain only slightly if at all. This is a mystery. Shen transfered Postia leucomallella to Fuscopostia, and some collections with this name are indeed inside Fuscopostia, but others going by the same name represent two different species that are still inside Postia (or perhaps in a sister genus). Which of the concepts matches the type? We don't have any sequences from anywhere near Florida, just the EU and China, so we'll need to look at the type or at least some SE USA collections to see which concept is found there and find a new name for the others. We have no local DNA so we don't know which of the various possibilities are present here. Fuscopostia PNW01 - one BC collection and one WA collection sequence close to the Postia leucomallella collections that are inside Fuscopostia. Perhaps this species represents reports of F. leucomallella in the PNW, but the WA photos show it stains dramatically orange in age, supposedly unlike F. leucomallella. Fuscopostia lateritia EU (=Postia lateritia) - differentiated microscopically from F. fragilis. Again, a US sequence has a half dozen differences from an EU type area sequence and a chinese sequence, so it's possible we have a different species. We need local collections. Sarcoporia polyspora is a similar polypore in the Sarcoporiaceae, best differentiated microscopically, and covered there. Amylocystis PNW01 © Sandra Ruffner, and NAMA & the Field Museum of Natural History,     Amylocystis lapponica © Jonathan Frank Fuscopostia fragilis © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     Fuscopostia PNW01 © Rebecca Anderson and Regina Johnson   White "cheese" polypores (the brown rot ones that do not stain orange quickly, but many discolor orange in age) Amaropostia stiptica EU (=Postia stiptica) - This species has a rough upper surface often with black spots. It is very bitter. We have sequences from those who renamed it to Amaropostia, but I don't know where they're from. ITS can vary about 1%. Our one OR collection has a sequence that only differs at the ends of ITS, also about 1% different than each of the "official" sequences. For now, I'm assuming that means we have the real species here, but we could use a type sequence and a comparison of collections from different geographic areas to make sure. Calcipostia guttulata EU (=Postia guttulata) - This species has 1-3 mm wide shallow circular depressions in the cap. It is also bitter. The fruiting body can exude a watery liquid. many local sequences match ITS of an EU sequence almost perfectly so I assume ITS1 will match as well. Osteina obducta British NA - often somewhat stemmed, with a grey or brown cap, tougher fleshed than most other "cheese" polypores, and drying bone hard. A bunch of PNW sequences probably tell us what this, but we're not sure if the type area is the PNW or somewhere in Canada, so we await a type sequence to prove that we're using the right name, as different parts of the country might have distinct species. Osteina undosa NY (Postia undosa) - a white nondescript polypore, possibly even resupinate. We have an NC and a CO sequence that shows this probably exists on both coasts, but we need local collections. 'Postia' amara CA - with a brown cap and yellow pores, on incense cedar. One OR sequence purporting to be this was actually Pappia fissilis, in the Meruliaceae. We need reliable sequences to find out what this is, and local collections. 'Postia' 'ceriflua PNW01' - small pendant polypores <1 cm across, perhaps with irregular pores, although our sequenced collection has very irregular pores. A few EU sequences of this SC species (or its synonym Postia folliculocystidiata EU) suggest what this might be, and probably needs a new genus. Our local collection sequences as a sister species to the EU sequences, so ours may or may not be the same as the SC species. We need a type sequence. Postia tephroleuca EU (=Postia lactea EU?) - thick fleshed and coarsely hairy on the cap. It may turn orange in age. Tyromyces galactinus is similar but causes a white rot. We have many EU type area sequences, and a short but matching WA sequence. P. lactea is thought by some to be a synonym, and if so, it's unclear to me which name takes precedence as they were published one page away from each other. Shen's paper declares them separate species, because separate species in the group have been found around the world, including one matching the description of P. lactea in China. However, in the EU, the type area for both, only one genetic species has been found so far so their species probably needs a new name and I think it's likely the two names are synonyms. Ptychogaster albus EU (=Postia ptychogaster) - The common asexual stage is a round fuzzy ball without pores, the hairs turning orange. The uncommon sexual stage develops a pores and perhaps a lateral stem. Postia tephroleuca and Tyromyces galactinus are fuzzy but have pores and always lack a stem. Tyromyces kmetii has a flat cap with orange hairs even when young. We have a bunch of EU sequences, and matching sequences from WA and BC. 'Cystidiopostia' perdelicatus WA (=Spongiporus perdelicatus, =Postia perdelicata WA) - a small white cheese polypore (3 cm across or so). Three PNW sequences probably represent this species, as one WA collection was identified as Spongiporus perdelicatus and a CO collection also identified as S. perdelicatus is about 4% different in ITS and may be a sister species. I am assuming that since it is a WA species, our sequences are the real thing. This species needs to be moved to Cystidiopostia. If these collections do not represent S. perdelicatus than we need to figure out what that species really is, and these collections will needs a new name in Cystidiopostia. Spongiporus balsameus NY (=Postia balsamea) - another small polypore (<5 cm across) perhaps tan but best differentiated from S. perdelicatus microscopically. We have ENA sequences, but need local collections. Spongiporus PNW01 - only 4 bp different in ITS2 from S. balsameus, but quite a different polypore. This one is much larger and grows in stacks with grey caps on cedar/cypress. We have sequences from WA and CA. Spongiporus floriformis EU (=Postia floriformis) - irregularly shaped caps that aren't as round as other species (perhaps rosette-like). We have a reliable EU sequence of this and one OR collection is a pretty close match. Spongiporus leucospongia EU (=Postia leucospongia) - a snowmelt species where the cap margin extends over the edge of the pores. We have a few local sequences showing what this probably is, but we need EU type area sequences to confirm it. Tenuipostia PNW01 - one collection from WA has a sequence in this genus or sister to it. It was small, stemmed, and appeared to be terrestrial. A CA collection was on well decayed wood. Amaropostia stiptica © Daniel Morton,     Calcipostia guttulata © Bruce Newhouse,     'Spongiporus' perdelicatus © Connor Dooley,     Osteina obducta © Jonathan Frank 'Postia' 'ceriflua PNW01' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     Postia tephroleuca © Yi-Min Wang   Ptychogaster albus (asexual stage) © iNaturalist user noracee and Jeannette Barreca, (sexual stage) © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     Spongiporus PNW01 © iNaturalist user ellenkr   Spongiporus floriformis © Bruce Newhouse (sequenced) and Michael Beug (unsequenced),     Spongiporus leucospongia © Michael Beug,     Tenuipostia PNW01 © Kitty Lundeen   Resupinates in this family Dacryobolus sudans EU - yellow toothed resupinate Dacryoblus karstenii EU - resupinate without teeth, one WA sequence matches two EU sequences within 6 bp. Cystidiopostia hibernica Ireland (=Postia hibernica) - an especially thin, soft, white resupinate pore surface. We've been provided with an EU sequence of this species, the type species of the genus, but have no matching local DNA yet. Oligoporus sericeomollis (=Postia sericeomollis) EU - another soft, white resupinate pore surface. One Chinese sequence from Shen shows us what genus this belongs in, but we need EU type area sequences and local sequences. Dacryobolus sudans © Jordan Gates (2 images)

Fomitopsidaceae - click to expand This family includes the true Antrodia itself, where most white resupinate pore surfaces once lived. The other genus found locally is the now large genus Fomitopsis, which used to be split into a half dozen or so genera in the PNW. It contains some of our larger conks. I think they did the right thing recombining many species back into Fomitopsis after they noticed that if the splits that already had happened were to stay, the genus was going to have to be split dozens or even hundreds of more times resulting in many obscure, tiny genera that could not be well defined. Genera: Antrodia, Anthoporia, Fomitopsis (formerly Brunneoporus, Daedalea, Fomitopsis, Neoantrodia, Niveoporofomes, Piptoporus, Rhodofomes).   Most Antrodia species that stayed in this family are not quite resupinate. When on a vertical substrate, They may have a "normal" cap and a thick effuso-reflexed habit, or sometimes caps reflex out periodically along the fruitbody, resulting in a wave-like appearance of pseudo-caps and resupinate areas. The pores often elongate dramatically as if they are quite decurrent, or are otherwise odd. You can learn to recognize the "Antrodia" look. Most fully resupinate Antrodia were moved to other families, with a few exceptions. Microscopically, true Antrodia have unbranched and usually colourless hyphae, and perhaps larger spores than those species segregated from Antrodia. Antrodia albida EU (=Antrodia serpens EU) - white resupinate with caps bent out on top. The pores elongate, somewhat dramatically on vertical substrates. Usually on hardwoods. We have the epitype sequence. We need local sequences. Antrodia heteromorpha EU - similar, with maze-like pores, usually on conifers. We have many type area sequences and matching sequences from ENA as well as one local collection from WA. Antrodia heteromorpha © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History   Former Antrodia Fomitopsis juniperina KS (=Brunneoporus juniperinus, =Antrodia juniperina) - similar elongated or maze-like pores on juniper. We have an MS sequence of this species but need local collections. Fomitopsis malicola PN (=Brunneoporus malicola, =Antrodia malicola) - pale brown with pores than can also become elongated or maze-like on vertical surfaces. Hardwoods. We have the type sequence, and a matching OR sequence. Fomitopsis serialis EU (=Neoantrodia serialis, =Antrodia serialis) - caps somewhat brownish, with regular pores. We have the neotype sequence and matching BC, WA and OR sequences but need sequenced photographed collections. Fomitopsis variiformis NY (=Neoantrodia variiformis, Antrodia variiformis) - also brownish with somewhat elongated or maze-like pores. We have several NY type area sequences, but sequences can vary by a couple % in ITS. We need local collections. Fomitopsis madronae OR (=Antrodia madronae) - softer than true Antrodia, and found on madrone. The 2024 lumping of Fomitopsis multi-gene study placed this confidently inside the current definition of Fomitopsis, something my ITS only trees was unable to do. We have the OR type sequence, and matching BC and WA sequences. Fomitopsis 'renehenticii PNW01' - a thick cushion of maze-like pores found (so far) on alder. This is sister to most EU type area sequences of Antrodia renehenticii EU, which needs to be moved to Fomitopsis. It was not known from the PNW until found once in BC. If Fomitopsis hadn't been expanded, this would have needed a different genus than anything else on this page. Fomitopsis madronae © Yi-Min Wang,     F. 'renehenticii PNW01' © Kem Luther   Fomitopsis mounceae AB (Fomitopsis pinicola misapplied) - perhaps our most common polypore, if not mushroom. This large conk starts out as a hard white hemisphere on wood and gradually develops orange and later dark brown tones starting in the centre, finally leaving a red belt (actually orange-red) and round white margin. The shiny cap has somewhat of a sheen that melts when lit on fire. We have the type sequence and matching local sequences. Fomitopsis ochracea AB - very similar, but lacking the red belt and with a matte cap that chars when lit on fire instead of melting. We have reliable AB and AK sequences, but need local sequences. unsequenced Fomitopsis mounceae © Steve Trudell (mature) and Danny Miller (3 stages of growth),     unsequenced Fomitopsis ochraceae © Andrew Parker   Fomitopsis betulina EU (=Piptoporus betulinus) - on birch, with a brown cap with an overhanging margin. We have EU type area sequences, but need local collections. Fomitopsis quercina EU (=Daedalea quercina) - a thick whitish conk with maze-like pores, usually on oak. Daedaleopsis is thinner on various hardwoods with a brown cap and the pores are usually elongated and stain red. An OR sequence matches dozens of EU sequences. unsequenced Fomitopsis betulina © Andrew Parker,     Fomitopsis quercina © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History   Fomitopsis meliae EU (=Fomes meliae) - with a flat, semi-circular greyish non-zoned cap, often on fruit trees. We have one AZ sequence purporting to be this, and it is in Fomitopsis (Fomitopsidaceae), not Fomes (Polyporaceae). We need type are collections and local collections. Fomitopsis spraguei EU (=Niveoporofomes spraguei) - similar to Fomitopsis meliae, often on oak. ENA sequences match EU sequences. We need local collections.   Fomitopsis cajanderi EU (=Rhodofomes cajanderi) - small brackets with pink pores and dark caps. We have a bunch of local sequences matching EU and other worldwide sequences. Fomitopsis roseus EU (=Rhodofomes roseus) - similar to R. cajanderi, but a thicker hoof shape. we have dozens of EU sequences. AZ and ENA sequences match, but we need local collections. Fomitopsis cajanderi © Christy Horsley (2 images)   Resupinates in this family Antrodia mappa NY - a soft, thin white resupinate. We have a type area sequence. Anthoporia albobrunnea EU (=Antrodia albobrunnea) - white and unevenly brown coloured. We have EU type area sequences and a sister species from from Alberta. We need local collections. This is the only genus left in the Fomitopsidaceae besides Antrodia and Fomitopsis. Fomtiopsis oleracea EU (=Rhodofomitopsis oleracea, =Antrodia oleracea) - white. We have a type sequence. We need local collections.

Gelatoporiaceae - click to expand Whitish resupinate pore surfaces, very non-descript but perhaps somewhat soft and/or cartilaginous in texture. Genera: Cinereomyces, Gelatoporia, Obba.   Cinereomyces lindbladii SC - a pale grey resupinate pore surface. We have many EU sequences, but no ENA type area sequences nor local sequences. Gelatoporia subvermispora MO - a white resupinate pore surface with small angular pores and somewhat soft or gelatinous in texture. We have a Chinese sequence purporting to be this, but no type area collections nor local collections. Obba PNW01 - a white resupinate pore surface that is a butt rot on cedar. Sequences of Obba rivulosa Cuba from Vietnam and Oregon differ by 2%, so we'll need a type area sequence to see if ours is that species or undescribed.

Grifolaceae - click to expand Maitake (Hen of the Woods) - clustered rosettes of greyish-brown capped turkey-tail like fruitbodies with white pore surfaces on hardwood. Meripilus is similar but has pore surfaces that stain black. Genera: Grifola.   Grifola frondosa EU - almost never found in the PNW. A couple of NA sequences differ by 4-6 bp mostly in ITS2 from many EU type area sequences. It's possible our NA species is distinct. We need local collections. unsequenced Grifola frondosa © Willoughby Arevalo

Incrustoporiaceae - click to expand Tyromyces - white rot, whitish "cheese" (spongy soft when fresh) capped polypores. Compare to the brown rot "cheese" polypores in the Dacryobolaceae. Skeletocutis - similar, but often resupinate to reflexed. This genus is traditionally differentiated by encrusted hyphae. When the flesh is thick enough to tell, it will sometimes be soft as well, but I think the encrusted hyphae toughen up the flesh as some species are not recognizable as "cheese" polypores. The two genera mingle together in the family tree, with both their type species close together. It may be decided to rename all Skeletocutis to Tyromyces, making Tyromyces represent more than just soft cheesy polypores, or both genera may be split up into more new genera, making those new genera hard to characterize. Genera: Tyromyces, Skeletocutis.   Tyromyces chioneus EU - a nondescript white "cheese" hardwood polypore resembling many of the brown rot species formerly in Postia. T. chioneus is the type species of the genus. We have one WA sequence matching a bunch of EU type area sequences, but that collection was reported from a conifer forest. Tyromyces PNW01 - perhaps not as thick fleshed as T. chioneus, but we don't have enough examples of each to really know for sure. Unknown tree host. Likely more common than T. chioneus, we have 2 BC and 1 OR sequence of this probably unnamed species that has likely been mistaken for T. chioneus. Tyromyces galactinus OH - the cap is somewhat hairy. Postia tephroleuca is similar but causes a brown rot. Many ENA sequences represent this. We need local collections. Tyromyces kmetii EU - with a flat, white cap with bristly orange hairs. Ptychogaster albus has round fruitbodies. Postia tephroleuca and Tyromyces galactinus are not as flat (thicker fleshed) and not orange when young. We have Chinese sequences purporting to be this and one "living culture" sequence from the EU, but we need more reliable EU sequences to know for sure what this is, and we need local collections. Tyromyces chioneus and T. PNW01 © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     Tyromyces PNW01 © Helene Rutishauser,     unsequenced T. kmetii © Andrew Parker   The following species with encrusted hyphae are currently in Skeletocutis, but may all be moved into Tyromyces. Skeletocutis nivea EU - a non-descript usually effuso-relfexed white polypore with small, glancing pores. It may not be soft and cheesy. We have an epitype sequence from Indonesia, but no matching local DNA yet. We need local collections. Perhaps our local species is S. semipileatus, described next. Skeletocutis semipileata NY - This species was thought by many to be a synonym of S. nivea, but DNA showed they are distinct. So far, our one local collection from OR is this species, not S. nivea. We should keep looking for S. nivea here too. Skeletocutis amorpha EU - a distinctive, white, effuso-reflexed fruitbody with orange to pink pores and a cartilaginous texture. This is the type species of Skeletocutis. We have an EU sequence that probably represents this species. We need local collections. Skeletocutis semipileata © Ty Creelan   Resupinates in this family Skeletocutis odora NY - a white resupinate pore surface that smells like garlic. We have an ENA sequence that is probably this. It may not be found here. Those reports might have been the newer species S. subodora, described next. We need local collections. Skeletocutis subodora OR - described in 2012, this thinner fleshed species may be what reports of S. odora really are. We have the type sequence and a recent CA collection sequenced. Skeletocutis albocremea EU - this white resupinate has angular pores. No DNA from anywhere. The only place in NA it has been reported is 3 collections from BC. These need to be investigated. Skeletocutis alutacea NY - a soft white resupinate pore surface with rhizomorphs. No DNA from anywhere. Skeletocutis stellae EU - a perennial whitish resupinate pore surface. We have 2 possible concepts of this in the EU. We need local collections. Skeletocutis subincarnata NY - a whitish to pinkish resupinate pore surface. No ITS DNA from anywhere. Skeletocutis lenis EU has moved to Sidera lenis in the Hymenochaetales. Skeletocutis subodora from CA © Taye Bright

Irpicaceae - click to expand Often colourful brackets or resupinates with wrinkled or pored (sometimes irregularly tattered) hymenia. Genera: Byssomerulius, Ceriporia, Gloeoporus, Irpex, Meruliopsis, Leptoporus, Raduliporus, Trametopsis, Vitreoporus   Byssomerulius corium EU - a whitish mostly resupinate crust (but occasionally pink!), with all edges often peeling away from the wood, often found on the underside of branches. The fertile surface is highly wrinkled. Several local sequences match many EU sequences. Byssomerulius albostramineus ?? - similar, perhaps best differentiated microscopically. We need sequences. CA appears to have an additional species with a brown hymenium. Byssomerulius corium © Bitty Roy (typical form) and Heidi Hoelting (unusually large and pink)   Gloeoporus dichrous EU (=Vitreoporus dichrous) - resupinate to effuso-reflexed pink gelatinous pores surrounded by a white margin. Vitreoporus was erected based on tiny microscopic differences from other Gloeoporus species and are sister to those species, so I don't think that justifies using the new genus. Both Liu's and Cho's papers agree with me. We have ENA, Chinese, EU and a local BC sequence that are all very close to each other. Gloeoporus ambiguous ?? - check genus. An effuso-reflexed purple wrinkled surface on conifers somewhat waxy to the touch. unsequenced Gloeoporus dichrous (from AB) © Danny Miller   Irpex lacteus EU - a white resupinate to somewhat effuso-reflexed pore surface that is tattered and tooth-like. Hundreds of EU sequences show us what this is. We need local collections.   Leptoporus mollis EU - a beautiful soft thick-fleshed polypore with a pink to lilac cap on conifers. Our BC, WA, and OR sequences are about 4-6 bp different than EU sequences, so it's possible ours could be a distinct species. Leptoporus mollis © Matt Tsuruda   Trametopsis cervina EU - quite variable looking, but usually large clusters of brackets that may fuse with light orange brown hairy caps and tattered teeth-like pores. We have many worldwide sequences showing us what this species is, and matching sequences from WA and OR. Trametopsis cervina © Jonathan Frank (2 images from AZ), Leah Bendlin, and Michael Beug.   Resupinates in this family Irpex latemarginatus Algeria - a white resupinate pore surface with really cool pores. EU, ENA and PNW sequences all match and probably represent this. This species was never reported from here until we found it by DNA. Ceriporia excelsa EU - a pinkish resupinate with isolated cups when young and a pore surface at maturity. It stains even more pink where handled. Ceriporia does not hold together with support in my ITS tree and may need splitting. This species was never validly described and is currently an invalid name. A WA sequence matches a handful of EU sequences. Ceriporia purpurea EU - a purple resupinate pore surface. We have a neotype sequence. We need local collections. Ceriporia reticulata EU - a white resupinate pore surface where the pores have a distinct netted/reticulated look to them. We have 2 possible EU concepts. We need local collections. Ceriporia spissa Carolinas - a bright orange resupinate pore surface. One CA sequence is 5 bp different than ENA collections. We need local collections. Ceriporia tarda Australia - a rose-pink resupinate pore surface. This species is especially far away from other Ceriporia. We have EU sequences and a Russian sequences. We need type area sequences and local sequences. Ceriporia viridans UK - a pale resupinate pore surface sometimes with a greenish tint but supposedly variable in colour and best distinguished microscopically. There are several concepts of this in the EU. We need to find out the real one and we need local collections. Gloeoporus pannocinctus EU - a greenish resupinate pore surface on aspen and other hardwoods with a pale margin and dark gelatinous line beneath the gelatinous pore layer. EU and ENA sequences match well. We need local collections. Meruliopsis taxicola EU (=Gloeoporus taxicola) - an orange resupinate pore surface with a white margin on conifers. We have hundreds of EU type area sequences, but we need local collections. Raduliporus aneirinus EU - a pale resupinate pore surface. We have a Chinese sequence purporting to be this, but we need type area sequences and local sequences.

Ischnodermataceae - click to expand A large, annual, semi-circular polypore with a velvety, zoned and wrinkled dark brown cap with a paler margin that exudes a resin when young. The pores bruise brown when touched and is has a fragrant odor. Genera: Ischnoderma.   Ischnoderma benzoinum EU - We have type area sequences of both this and Ischnoderma resinosum EU. They are not synonyms, as some have reported, and our WA and OR sequences match I. benzoinum, not I. resinosum. unsequenced Ischnoderma resinosum © Steve Trudell

Laetiporaceae - click to expand Sulphur Shelf (Chicken-of-the-Woods) - bright orange with yellow pores and cap rim. Soft fleshed, especially along the rim, which is the part most commonly eaten. It is poisonous to some, especially if not eaten young and thoroughly cooked. If you've ever seen large, white, crumbly pieces of chalk in the forest, that's probably last year's Laetiporus. In age it loses all its pigment and becomes very crumbly. Genera: Laetiporus.   Laetiporus conifericola AK - supposedly a conifer species. We have several AK type area sequences and matching sequences from BC and WA, but the WA collection was on a cherry tree, so it might not be true that this species is restricted to conifers, or we have an undescribed hardwood species with the same ITS as L. conifericola (see L. montanus/huroniensis, described next). Laetiporus montanus EU/huroniensis MI - these type sequences match each other in ITS and are only 3 bp and 1 indel different from that of L. conifericola. So far, only L. conifericola has been sequenced from the PNW. Laetiporus gilbertsonii CA - a hardwood species. We have dozens of WNA sequences of this species, but only one from the PNW (Oregon) on oak. It may be rarer than we realize since some collections on hardwoods are really L. conifericola. Laetiporus conifericola © Sharon Squazzo (3 images),     L. gilbertsonii © John Thompson

Laricifomitaceae - click to expand Agarikon - a pale hoof shaped polypore, bitter tasting, with a soft chalky texture, on conifers. Genera: Gilbertsonia, Laricifomes.   Laricifomes occidentalis EU - an OR sequence matches EU sequences. Laricifomes occidentalis © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     unsequenced © Kit Scates Barnhart   Resupinates in this family Gilbertsonia angulopora OR (=Postia angulopora) - a white resupinate pore surface with strong support for being in this family.

Meripilaceae - click to expand Meripilus is similar to Grifola (clustered rosettes of greyish-brown capped turkey-tail like fruitbodies with white pore surfaces on hardwood) but the pore surfaces stain black. Genera: Meripilus, Physisporinus, Rigidoporus, Spongipellis.   Meripilus sumstinei PN - There are 2 reports that this might have been found in the PNW. If so, it's likely to be this PN species instead of the lookalike Meripilus giganteus EU. We have sequences of both to compare to if this is ever found here. Spongipellis spumea EU - this soft polypore has duplex flesh like Pseudospongipellis, but the pores are circular (normal). We have a type sequence. We need local collections.   Resupinates in this family Physisporinus rivulosus Cuba - has been moved to Obba in the Gelatoporiaceae. Physisporinus vitreus EU - this white resupinate pore surface has a slight blue cast. This is the type species of the genus. We have an ENA sequence and an Indian sequence purporting to be this, but we need EU type area sequences and local sequences. Physisporinus sanguinolentus EU/ENA? - this white resupinate pore surface stains red where handled. I'm not sure where the type area is. We have a few EU sequences that disagree on what the species is. Physisporinus may need to be split, in which case this could need a new genus. We need a multi-gene study of this family. We need local collections of this species. 'Rigidoporus' crocatus Tunisia N Africa (Physisporinus?) - a pinkish resupinate pore surface. Rigidoporus is paraphyletic, and this is one of the species that may need to be moved to a new genus. In fact, Rigidoporus may be a newer synonym of Physisporinus, as both their type species are close enough to each other to possibly be considered the same genus. That would mean all Rigidoporus need new names. We have ENA and Russian sequences purporting to be this, but no type area sequences. We need local collections. Some species of Rigidoporus, like Rigidoporus cuneatus BC, belong in Oxyporus in the Hymenochaetales.

Meruliaceae - click to expand Soft or gelatinous colourful resupinates or effuso-reflexed mushrooms with wrinkled or warty surfaces. Genera: Merulius, Phlebia, Hermanssonia, Pappia, Sarcodontia, Phlebiodontia, Ceriporiopsis   Merulius tremellosus EU (=Phlebia tremellosa) - a unique pinkish gelatinous effuso-reflexed polypore with somewhat hairy caps and a vaguely poroid hymenium. Two PNW sequences match each other well, but differ from 2 clades of EU sequences. But one WA sequence almost unites them all with 7 ambiguous locations, reducing the differences local and EU sequences to 1-2 bp and 2-3 indels. For now, I'm going to assume there's just one species, but it's possible our species is different and can hybridize with the real thing. unsequenced Merulius tremellosus © Kit Scates Barnhart   Resupinates in this family Phlebia radiata EU - a complex wrinkled surface that may have patterns in the wrinkles that radiate out from the centre. It is an orange resupinate, sometimes with pink or purple tones. A few WA sequences match many EU sequences. Phlebia PNW01 - differs by 5 bp and 2 ambiguous locations from P. radiata, and could be a distinct species. It has been sequenced from WA and OR. I don't have a photo, but it was mistaken for Phlebia rufa and Cytidiella albida. Phlebia rufa EU - narrowly folded with pits, reddish brown, darkening in KOH. The margin is fibrillose and stays attached to the wood. Nakasone did a study that found this species in OR and WA as well as Europe, but I can't find his published DNA so I can't prove he had the right concept for it. However, he noted it was not found outside Europe and the PNW, and all the known DNA is indeed from Eurasia. We need local collections. Phlebia acerina NY - more broadly folded, yellowish brown, KOH negative. The margin is not fibrillose and can separate from the wood. Nakasone did a study that found this in OR, and I found the ITS sequence and he did have the correct concept, so I think he had the right concept for P. rufa. He correctly noted that these 2 species are distinct and not synonyms. This species is found throughout NA (not limited to the PNW) and the world. Hermanssonia centrifuga EU (=Phlebia centrifuga) - a soft and juicy greyish wrinkled to warty resupinate. DNA showed this may belong in its own genus. Matching DNA was found in Oregon, and it has been reported from BC. We need local photographed collections. Phlebia spp. - we have a dozen other soft, resupinate Phlebia species with warty to wrinkled hymenia reported from the PNW, not yet treated here. Pappia fissilis NC - one OR collection labeled as Postia amara turned out to be this. Sarcodontia uda EU (=Mycoacia uda EU) - a mustard yellow waxy crust with occasional teeth. Two OR collections are 3 bp different than EU type area sequences in ITS2. A 2021 2-gene study by Nakasone suggested this is the proper genus for this species without support, but the Chen 5-gene 2021 study placed it with support next to S. amplissima which the 2-gene study had strong support for being next to the type species of the genus, Sarcodontia setosa (=S. mali). That may be confusing to follow but suffice it to say I believe this to be the proper genus. Phlebiodontia 'acanthocystis CA01' - very crowded yellow-orange teeth. This species is a couple percent different than several possible concepts of P. acanthocystis and made need its own name. It has been sequenced from CA and WA. 'Ceriporiopsis' pseudoplacenta OR - a very non-descript pale yellow resupinate pore surface. We have the type sequence but no sequenced photo. Ceriporiopsis is indeed a genus in the Meruliaceae, as shown by its type species C. gilvescens, but this species does not clade near it and needs its own genus in the Meruliaceae. Phlebia radiata © Noah Siegel,     Sarcodontia uda © Jordan Gates,     Phlebiodontia 'acanthocystis CA01' © Matthew Koons

Phaeolaceae - click to expand The dyer's polypore, top shaped with a stem and greenish oddly shaped pores. The cap is orange brown with a fuzzy pale rim when young and dark rusty brown when old. Notably, it has dark flesh and pores like the Hymenochaetales, not the usual pale flesh and pores of this order. Also in this family is tuckahoe. Genera: Phaeolus, Wolfiporia.   Phaeolus IN01 - We have 2 local species, neither of which match EU sequences of Phaeolus schweinitzii EU. I don't yet know how to differentiate them. This one is found in the PNW and back east. Phaeolus PNW02 - This one is only known from OR so far. Phaeolus IN01 © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     Phaeolus PNW02 © Bee Marcotte (2 images),      unsequenced Phaeolus © Steve Trudell   Resupinates in this family Wolfiporia cocos NC - an interesting white resupinate pore surface capable in some parts of the world of an asexual stage which is a large underground coconut shaped sclerotium, the traditional native medicinal fungus called tuckahoe. We have a TN sequence of this species. My ITS only tree doesn't show it in the Phaeolaceae, but Liu's multi gene tree does.

Phanerochaetaceae - click to expand The non-resupinates often have somewhat coloured pores and/or flesh, not really white. This family contains the smoky gilled polypores with a possible caramel-coloured cap, and probably also a pinkish cinnamon brittle polypore. Genera: Bjerkandera, Hapalopilus, Pirex.   Bjerkandera adusta EU - notable for smoky grey pores. The cap is often somewhat caramel coloured. We have hundreds of worldwide sequences. ITS varies by more than 1% sometimes. We have sequenced collections from OR and WA. Bjerkandera fumosa EU - it's unclear to me how to reliably tell this one apart. Supposedly it is thicker, the pores are paler grey, and the tubes are separated from the flesh by a somewhat darker line. We have a dozen Asian sequences purporting to be this, but no type area nor local sequences. Hapalopilus rutilans EU (=Hapalopilus nidulans) - somewhat pinkish and colourful, but darker pinkish cinnamon than the pale lilac pink Leptoporus. The pores and flesh are darker then the typical member of this order. AZ and ENA sequences differ from EU sequences by half a dozen locations mostly in ITS2, but even EU sequences don't agree and can differ by almost as much. We need local collections, and a determination if the NA species is the same thing. This genus is supposedly in the Phanerochaetaceae, but my ITS tree doesn't have strong support to prove that. Bjerkandera adusta © Jonathan Frank (2 images) and Grier Gammon,     Hapalopilus rutilans © Terry Clements and Donna Fulton   Resupinates in the family Pirex concentricus OR - a waxy, relatively thick fruitbody that is warm chrome yellow with contrasting dark brown. It is covered in ridges like flattened teeth. A multi-gene study by Chen in 2021 shows it clearly in the Phanerochaetaceae. We have several OR sequences, but need a sequenced, photographed collection. unsequenced Pirex concentricus © A and O Ceska

Podoscyphaceae - click to expand A red staining extremely variably shaped polypore with oddly shaped pores, often on the ground attached to buried roots. It could be conk shaped, or top shaped, or rosette-like with overlapping caps and may or may not have a stem. Genera: Abortiporus.   Abortiporus biennis EU - a WA sequence matches many worldwide sequences, including from the type area. Abortiporus biennis © Regina Johnson

Polyporaceae - click to expand Most are in this large family, including most stemmed polypores. Genera: Cryptoporus, Daedaleopsis, Dentocorticium (Fuscocerrena), Dichomitus, Szczepkamyces, Fomes (Pyrofomes), Funalia (Coriolopsis), Ganoderma, Haploporus, Lopharia, Neofavolus, Perenniporia (Xanthoperenniporia, Poriella, Yuchengia),Polyporus (Cerioporus, Lentinus, Picipes), Datronia, Trametes (Lenzites, Pycnoporus).   Cryptoporus volvatus NY - unique small spheres on conifers. When you cut one in half you'll see the bottom half is hollow underneath a pore surface. Insects have to dig a hole into the sphere to allow the spores to escape, and you'll often see such holes. ENA and WNA sequences match. We have CA, ID and OR sequences. Cryptoporus volvatus © Joanne Schwartz and OMS   Daedaleopsis confragosa UK - applanate on hardwoods with a brown, zoned cap and elongated pores that stain red when young and are sometimes gill-like or maze-like. Daedalea has maze-like pores that don't stain and is thicker, on oak. We have dozens of EU sequences and one matching WA sequence. unsequenced Daedaleopsis confragosa © Joy Spurr   Fomes PNW01 - thickly hoof shaped, white zoned cap with pale brown flesh on hardwoods. When properly prepared it can be used as tinder, and was before the invention of matches. Laricifomes is similary coloured and shaped, but is chalky, bitter, and on conifers. A BC sequence doesn't quite match EU sequences of Fomes fomentarius EU. It is rumoured that our species is Fomes excavatus EU, currently thought to be a synonym, but we need a type sequence to find out if it really is and if that's our species. Fomes melia EU is actually Fomitopsis meliae EU - We have one AZ sequence purporting to be this, and it is in Fomitopsis (Fomitopsidaceae), not Fomes (Polyporaceae). It is described with that family. Pyrofomes juniperinus USA (=Fomes juniperinus) - also thickly hoof shaped, with a brown to black cracked cap on juniper. The flesh is rusty brown, also not the usual white, making it easily confused with Phellinus s.l. Pyrofomes demidoffii from eastern Europe and Russia is not a synonym, but a distinct species in ITS. ENA and AZ sequences of P. juniperinus match each other, suggesting it is the same species across the country. Pyrofomes juniperinus var. earlei NM should be investigated to see if it is unique, and which variety we have. We need local collections. unsequenced Fomes © Michael Beug,     unsequenced Pyrofomes juniperinus © Bruce Newhouse   Funalia - coarsely hairy brown caps and somewhat large or irregular pores found on hardwoods. Funalia IN01 - This species has somewhat darker brown flesh and pores than usual for the order, and large angular pores. EU sequences of Funalia gallica EU (=Coriolopsis gallica) differ from ENA and WA and OR sequences, so our species may be undescribed. We don't have sequences of the type species of Funalia, so we can't prove this is where the species belongs, but Coriolopsis is a newer synonym of Trametes, so it doesn't belong there. Funalia trogii EU (=Coriolopsis trogii) - with paler flesh and pores and smaller angular pores. EU and AZ sequences match, but we need PNW collections. Funalia IN01 © Michael Beug   Ganoderma - the original artist conks whose pores stain instantly brown when touched. Notable for brown spores instead of the usual white, leaving lots of cinnamon spores all over the fruitbodies. Somehow the spores can end up on top of the caps. They might have darker flesh than the typical member of the Polyporales, but the pores are still pale when fresh. Although overall tough and woody, the top of the caps are punky and you can push a finger through them. Ganoderma applanatum EU - applanate, cinnamon coloured cap on conifers and hardwoods. we have more than 1,000 EU and worldwide sequences, and many matching local sequences. Ganoderma brownii CA - supposedly like G. applanatum, but with larger spores and perhaps a yellow cast to the pores and restricted to hardwoods. However, it is often found lacking some of those traits and some say resembling Ganoderma australe Australia instead. Those sequence are close so the relationship between G. brownii and the older G. australe should be investigated (it is in that group). We have a couple of CA type area sequences, and now one from Oregon. Ganoderma oregonense OR - the cap is a varnished red-brown, and the flesh thicker, the cap not as applanate. On conifers. Occasionally found with a funky elaborate stem. ITS is the same for this, Ganoderma lucidum EU and Ganoderma tsugae ENA, but studies have proven neither of those in the PNW yet. There are vague rumours of those species possibly being here, but we'll need to sequence other genes to find out for sure. Ganoderma polychromum CA/NV - similar to G. oregonense, on hardwoods. We have WA and OR sequences that probably represent this. unsequenced Ganoderma applanatum © Danny Miller,     G. oregonense © Regina Johnson (2 images),     G. brownii © Bitty Roy,     G. polychromum © Regina Johnson   Haploporus odorus EU - a whitish conk on willow smelling strong of anise, with smaller spores than the similar more pure white Trametes suaveolans. We have one possible EU sequence. The genus may need to be split, but as H. odorus is the type species of the genus, that is the correct genus for it. Only known so far from northern BC, it may not descend into the PNW. We need local collections.   Polyporus s.l. - all polypores used to be in this genus, but it was reduced to usually thin fleshed stemmed polypores. Then it was split even further until there's only one local species left. 1. These thin fleshed, stemmed polypores have large, perhaps odd shaped pores. Lentinus arcularius EU (=Polyporus arcularius) - brown perhaps scaly cap, with hairs sticking out all along the margin, and large, odd shaped pores. It is supposed to have larger spores than L. brumalis, 7-9 x 2.5-3u, but intermediate collections have been found. So far reports of this are actually L. brumalis. Does L. arcularis even exist in the PNW now that we understand how similar it is to L. brumalis? We need local collections. Lentinus brumalis EU (=Polyporus brumalis) - supposedly very dark brown and perhaps scaly with the same ciliate margin, but with smaller, irregular pores. However, sequencing showed that it can be pale brown with very large pores like L. arcularius. The spores are supposed to be smaller (6-7.5 x 2-2.5u) but intermediate collections have been found. I wonder if all reports of L. arcularius are really this. We have a hundred or so EU sequences and they very by 1% or so. ENA sequences and our local WA sequences are within that tolerance, so it's probably all one species. I want sequences of collections with very small pores to see how they compare. Lentinus longiporus ON (=Polyporus longiporus) - much like L. brumalis but with even more elongated pores more than twice as long as wide and with more strongly cylindric spores. This was never reported from the PNW before, probably having been mistaken for L. brumalis, since they are very similar. We have the type sequence, and a matching WA sequence. Neofavolus cf alveolaris EU (=Polyporus alveolaris) - like an oyster mushroom polypore with a lateral stem (sometimes more central) on hardwoods, with an orange scaly cap that is either circular or semi-circular and very large pores. We have some Asian sequences that might be this, but we need type area sequences and local collections. Lentinus brumalis © Sharon Squazzo (2 images) and Yi-Min Wang,     L. longiporus © Andrew Parker,     Neofavolus cf. alveolaris from AK © Hayden Johnson (2 images)   2. These usually thin fleshed, stemmed polypores have smoothish caps, tiny circular pores, and a black stem (at least at the bottom). Picipes tubaeformis EU (=Polyporus tubaeformis) - It is either orange or greyish tan, usually with an umbilicate cap that has radial fibrils and a stem that is black at the bottom (nicknamed "black leg" or "black foot"), growing on wood. Often, but not always, the pores are very tiny and hard to see. It has clamps. It is one of the most abundant mushrooms in the PNW, yet it was not known from here before we sequenced it. When orange, it was mistaken for Picipes badius. When greyish tan, it was mistaken for Cerioporus. Picipes tubaeformis © Harshee Mann, Leah Bendlin, and Yi-Min Wang Picipes badius EU (=Polyporus badius) - formerly thought to be one of our most abundant mushrooms, a few orange capped collections did turn out to be this, but most are P. tubaeformis. Although this species is capable of being almost blackish orange, one collection had a grey capped fruiting body too, further complicating the picture. P. badius may grow larger than P. tubaeformis (up to 15 cm across), but perhaps the only reliable difference between them is that P. badius does not have clamps, I think it is the only one in this section that doesn't. We do have two local sequences matching many EU and Asian sequences. Picipes badius © Yi-Min Wang, Joe Cohen, and Regina Johnson Picipes cf melanopus EU (=Polyporus melanopus) - separated from P. tubaeformis and P. badius by supposely growing on the ground, with small pores but not tiny pores. The caps may not be as umbilicate. It has clamps. We have a few EU sequences showing us what this is, but no local sequences match it yet. I don't know what reports of this really are, we need collections as I suspect they may not really be this. Picipes cf rhizophilus Algeria (=Polyporus cryptopus Kansas?) - a whitish species perhaps with a black stem leg growing in grass, but old specimens of other species (at least Cerioporus PNW01) can bleach out to white too. An SK sequence is 5 bp and 2 indels different from Russian sequences, so it's not clear if these are synonyms. It was reported once in WA, but we need local collections to see which, if either, of these species is here. Cerioporus PNW01 - an old, bleached, white capped collection turned out to be in this genus, not quite matching any EU sequences of Cerioporus leptocephalus EU (=Polyporus elegans) nor Cerioporus varius EU (=Polyporus varius), both of which have been reported from the PNW. Those EU sequences intermingle and may represent a species complex. This needs to be sorted out. We used to think that greyish tan collections of P. tubaeformis were Cerioporus. and we need fresh collections to see what colour it starts out as and to begin to be able to recognize it. Cerioporus PNW02 - One yellowish tan collection from WA and an orangish tan collection from OR turned out to be even more distinct in ITS from the two EU species than PNW01. Now we know that P. tubaeformis can have similar colouring, so I don't know how to recognize it. Cerioporus PNW03 - one WA and one CA sequence are a third species in this complex. It looks just like PNW02. I wonder if there are really that many species in the complex or if ITS can be variable? The species are sometimes only 1% apart. Cerioporus PNW01 © Danny Miller,     C. PNW02 © Michael Beug,     C. PNW03 © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   3. These stemmed polypores may have thicker fleshed and be larger than the others, or have scaly caps, or have pores that aren't tiny or a stem that isn't black anywhere. Picipes 'conifericola PNW01' - not known from the PNW until we got one Idaho sequence. This collection was rather robust, with grey-brown caps and a black leg. A subsequent WA collection was very dark brown, but still more robust than other Picipes. It was on conifers. It should have clamps. Our full ITS WA sequence is 6 bp different than the Chinese type sequence, suggesting ours may need its own name. P. conifericola is supposed to be a lookalike for P. tubaeformis, but our species is not, so that also tells me our species is not really P. conifericola. Picipes submelanopus China - one WA collection matches the type sequence. It has pores that aren't tiny, no black on the stem, and no hairs on the cap margin.   Picipes 'conifericola PNW01' © Joe Matanzas (3 images) and Yi-Min Wang,     P. submelanopus © Danny Miller (2 images) Cerioporus radicatus PN (=Polyporus radicatus) - has a distinctive rooting stipe that grows from the ground. It has some shade of brown cap, scales on the cap and stem, and small angular pores. It has been only reported once in all of coastal western NA, on Vancouver Island. We have a bunch of ENA sequences of this species, but need local collections. Cerioporus squamosus EU (=Polyporus squamosus) - a large, yellow brown scaly cap and large, decurrent pores. It is hard to differentiate this from P. decurrens unless the latter's sclerotium is easily visible. We have an EU sequence and ENA sequences that probably represent this. CA and AZ have a sister species, but it has not yet been found in the PNW. We need local collections to make sure P. decurrens isn't being mistaken for this. Polyporus decurrens CA (=Polyporus mcmurphyi CA, Polyporus tuberaster EU misapplied) - similar large, yellow brown scaly cap and large, decurrent pores, on hardwoods or on the ground arising from a large blackish sclerotium (even on wood, there is often a connection through wood to underground sclerotium). The sclerotium may not be easy to find, making this hard to differentiate from C. squamosus. This is the only PNW species left in the genus Polyporus (at one time almost all the capped species on this page were in that genus). This species is 2% different in ITS than Polyporus tuberaster EU, whose DNA has only been found so found in the EU and Asia. It appears that P. decurrens is not a synonym and that is the correct name to use for our west coast species. Polyporus decurrens © Michael Beug   Some species of Cerioporus, those formerly in Datronia, are not stemmed, with reflexed dark brown to blackish caps and a white somewhat odd pore surface. Similarly, one species of Picipes is not stipate. A few obscure genera also have similar looking fruitbodies. Cerioporus mollis EU (=Datronia mollis) - blackish smooth to hairy cap reflexed from a white maze-like pore surface. We have many EU sequences. We need local collections. Cerioporus scutellatus PN (=Datronia scutellata) - has more ordinary pores and is therefore harder to identify. We have 4 matching ENA sequences. We need local collections. Cerioporus stereoides EU (=Datronia stereoides) - has slightly hexagonal pores, with a black line separating the cap from the pores, and the only one likely to be found on conifers as well as hardwoods. NA sequences are 6 bp different than EU sequences. We need local collections. Dentocorticium portoricense Puerto Rico (=Fuscocerrena portoricense) - maze-like pores like Cerioporus mollis but with the cap dark brown and not black, a greenish tint to the pores, and smaller spores. We have several ENA sequences but no type area nor local collections. Szczepkamyces campestris EU (=Dichomitus campestris) - similar thick cushion shaped whitish somewhat angular pore surface with a blackish cap-like margin reflexing out. On hardwoods. We have a half dozen EU sequences. We need local collections. Dichomitus squalens EU - similar to S. campestris but with a whitish to blackish cap margin on conifers. Some EU sequences are 5 bp different than others. We need local collections. Picipes PNW02 - a sister species of Picipes jiajinensis China, found once in Idaho. unsequenced Cerioporus mollis © Sterling Pigeon,     Picipes PNW02 © Ed Barge   'Polyporus' cf umbellatus EU - Unique for its clustered rosettes of circular caps with central stems. Grifola has semi-circular caps with lateral stems. This may need a new genus. We have 5 EU sequences that probably represent this. It seems to be a species complex around the world. We need local collections as ours may not be the real thing. unsequenced 'Polyporus' umbellatus from IN © Stephen Russell   Trametes - Including the "Turkey Tail", these are somewhat smaller or thinner semicircular polypores with a leathery consistency when thin. The thicker they are, the more wooden they are. Trametes betulina EU (=Lenzites betulinus) - a gilled "turkey tail" with a zonate cap of varius pale colours, on birch. We have many dozens of EU and worldwide sequences that match. We don't have photographed sequenced collections from the PNW, but we do from CA which is probably close enough. Trametes cinnabarina EU (=Pycnoporus cinnabarinus) - the vermillion polypore, uniformly a deeper, richer colour than Pycnoporellus fulgens. We have dozens of EU sequences, and a handful of ENA sequences. The ITS may vary by 1% but it all seems to be one species, and we probably have it here too, but we need local collections. Trametes betulina (from CA) © Damon Tighe,     Trametes cinnabarina (from IN) © Stephen Russell Trametes gibbosa EU - a large, somewhat thick white conk on hardwoods (larger than most other Trametes), with maze-like pores. PNW sequences match EU sequences and other sequences from around the world. Trametes suaveolens EU - a similar somewhat thick white conk on hardwoods, but with mostly ordinary pores and smelling strongly of anise (with larger spores than the similar boreal off-white Haploporus odorus). The similar T. hirsuta may smell of anise, but it develops zonation in age. Young ones will be hard to tell apart. We have dozens of sequences from the EU, ENA, and around the world, but we need local collections. So far, what we thought was T. suaveolens sequenced to be young T. hirsuta. Trametes gibbosa © Danny Miller, and NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     Trametes suaveolens from NY © Paul DeSanto Trametes hirsuta EU - sometimes larger than the following species, with a pale greyish brown hairy cap that is subtley zoned. It may smell of anise like T. suaveolens, but that species is never zoned. PNW sequences match hundreds of EU sequences. Trametes ochracea EU - similar to T. hirsuta, this species has zones of reddish- and yellow-brown usually with a white margin. WNA sequences match EU sequences, but some ENA sequence differ by up to 4 bp in ITS2 only. This species is close in ITS to T. versicolor in my tree, but can be distinguished when you look at the sequences by hand. We need local collections. Trametes pubescens EU - mostly white with subtle brown zone lines, this species tends to cluster. We have a number of EU sequences. ENA sequences vary by 2 bp and 2 ambiguous locations. We need local collections. Trametes versicolor EU - "Turkey Tail", highly contrasting zones of dark and light colours. Ridiculously common. Sometimes it comes in shades of blue! PNW sequences match hundreds of EU sequences. Trametes hirsuta © Bruce Newhouse,     T. ochracea from AK © Bruce Welkovich,     T. pubescens from NY © Paul DeSanto T. versicolor © Michael Beug (sequenced) and Danny Miller (unsequenced)   Resupinates in this family Lopharia cinerascens PN - A crust. one concept has a sequence from NY, probably the real thing. Another has a sequence from TX. We need local collections. Perenniporia medulla-panis Australia - We have a bunch of EU sequences, and Chinese sequences that differ by 2%, so I don't know what Australian type area sequences will match. We need those and local sequences. Xanthoperenniporia tenuis var. pulcha PN (=Perenniporia tenuis) - may not be distinct variety? We have a TN sequence that probably represents this species and a Chinese sequence that matches it, so it seems to be a widespread species, but we need local sequences. Poriella subacida NY (=Perenniporia subacida) - We have a US sequence that may represent this, but we need local sequences. 'Perenniporia' ellisiana MT - if one Saskatchewan sequence is to be believed, this needs to move to Xanthoperenniporia, but we need more reliable sequences to find out, and local sequences. 'Perenniporia' fraxinophila Dakotas+AZ - This too may need a genus change, perhaps even a new genus. Sequences from IN and SK seem to be one species (close to the Dakotas), and sequences from AZ seem to be another, almost 3% different in ITS. One location will have to be chosen as the "real" type area and the other probably given a new name. We need local collections to see which ours aligns with (probably Arizona)? Yuchengia narymica EU (=Perenniporia narymica) - we have a bunch of ENA and Chinese sequences that show us what this species probably is. We need EU sequences and local sequences.

Pycnoporellaceae - click to expand Bright orange polypores and pore surfaces usually on conifers. Genera: Pycnoporellus.   Pycnoporellus alboluteus CO - a unique orange, white tipped pore surface that can be peeled off the wood in a continuous layer, with very large, irregularly splitting pores. We have WA and OR sequences that probably represent this. Pycnoporellus fulgens EU - bright orange cap and somewhat orange pores. Laetiporus is larger with a sulphur yellow cap rim and pores. Trametes cinnabarinus is uniformly a deeper, richer vermillion colour. Several local sequences match many EU sequences. Pycnoporellus alboluteus © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     P. fulgens © Steve Ness

Sarcoporiaceae - click to expand A soft, whitish polypore than may stain reddish brown, but not in the same family as the other brown rot cheese polypores. It is best distinguished microscopically. Genera: Sarcoporia.   Sarcoporia polyspora EU - we have many EU sequences, but need local collections. It has been reported once on fir in BC.

Sparassidaceae - click to expand The cauliflower mushroom, but to me it more resembles a bundle of wide, flat noodles. Genera: Sparassis.   Sparassis radicata ID - This species often returns to the exact same spot on the ground where it grew in previous years, near the base of conifer stumps and trunks. We have OR and WA sequences. This has often been mistaken for the EU species Sparassis radicata EU. Sparassis radicata © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History

Steccherinaceae - click to expand A variety of species - a large, yellow, stemmed terrestrial polypore, some small effuso-reflexed polypores with pores or teeth underneath, also lots of resupinate pore surfaces. Genera: Antrodiella, Junghuhnia, Steccherinum, Xanthoporus.   Antrodiella citronella EU - clusters of small but thick bright yellow effuso-reflexed polypores with dense flesh and odd looking pores. This genus has no cystidia. This was not reported from the PNW when our DNA studies started finding it. 3 WA sequences match dozens of EU sequences. We don't have a type sequence of the type species of Flaviporus to prove it, but a Westphalen paper shows us that Flaviporus is probably not the same as Antrodiella as some think, but distinct. This was not known from the PNW until found by DNA, it's possible this has been mistaken for A. semisupina, usually white to pale yellow. Antrodiella semisupina New England - a small whitish effuso-reflexed polypore with dense flesh and mostly normal looking pores. We have a WI sequence that probably represents this, but there is some question as to the concept of the species, so we need a type sequence as well as local collections purporting to be this species to see what they really are. It's possible we've been calling collections of A. citronella by this name. Antrodiella canadensis ON - differentiated from A. semisupina microscopically. We have one EU sequence purporting to be this, but we need type area sequences and local collections. Antrodiella citronella © Matthew Koons   Steccherinum bourdotii EU - small, polypores with pale caps (although apparently sometimes dark reddish brown and zoned like Fomitopsis mounceae), orangish teeth underneath (which apparently may stain reddish brown), and round spores. One collection was resupinate! Several WA sequences match many EU sequences. This was not known from the PNW before our DNA studies, we assumed our species was S. ochraceum. Steccherinum ochraceum EU - similar to S. bourdotii but more likely to be resupinate, the teeth are salmon-ochre (a somewhat different colour) and the spores are not round. It may be a complex of species in the EU. We need local collections to see if this species is indeed here or if all reports have really been S. bourdotii. Steccherinum bourdotii © Yi-Min Wang (2 images), Buck McAdoo, and Jack Johson (resupinate)   Xanthoporus syringae EU - This is a stemmed polypore with a yellow-brown cap and yellow pores found on the ground near roots, once thought to be an Albatrellus, but this is not in the Russulales. We have a number of EU sequences and matching worldwide sequences, but need local sequences. unsequenced Xanthoporus syringae © Andrew Parker (2 images)   Resupinates in this family Antrodiella romellii EU - a white resupinate pore surface. We have many EU sequences and matching ENA sequence but need local collections. Antella americana PN (=Antrodiella americana) - a white resupinate pore surface. We have a TN sequence. Antella is like Antrodiella but with gloeocystidia and may not deserve its own genus. We need local collections. Butyrea luteoalba EU - a white to yellow resupinate pore surface. We have an EU sequence. Butyrea is like Antrodiella but with gloeocystidia and thick walled incrusted cystidia and may not deserve its own genus. We need local collections. Junghuhnia collabens EU - an orange-cinnamon resupinate pore surface. We have many EU sequences, we need local collections. Junghuhnia does not hold together in my ITS tree and may need to be split. Junghuhnia fimbriatella NY - a whitish resupinate pore surface. We have one Russian sequence purporting to be this. We need local collections. Junghuhnia nitida EU - another pale resupinate pore surface. We have many EU sequences. We need local collections. Junghuhnia zonata ID - an ivory white resupinate pore surface. No DNA yet. Steccherinum lacerum EU - a white resupinate with odd maze-like or teeth-like pores. No DNA yet from anywhere. Reports of this in the PNW might represent Schizopora paradoxa. We need DNA of both and local collections to see which species we have. Other Steccherinum are toothed resupinates and not covered here.

Back to Main Menu