Summary of Interesting Results Here are some of the newest, most interesting results of the study: we have a sense of how many species of "fried chicken" Lyophyllum and blackening Lyophyllum species are common in the PNW now, if not what all of their names are. species in Gerhardtia, Myochromella, Tephroderma and Tricholyophyllum are now known from the PNW. Clitocybe albirhiza belongs in Rhizocybe, and a new species, Rhizocybe rhizoides has shown up in the last few years. Clitocybe salmonilamella needs to be moved to Leucocybe. Several species belong to new genera that haven't been named yet.

Lyophyllum - click to expand Greasy capped, white spored, boring greyish-brown mushrooms in two distinct subgenera - either usually large clustered mushrooms or with flesh blackening in age. Species mentioned: Lyophyllum decastes, shimeji, loricatum, semitale, anthracophilum   Lyophyllum decastes group - "fried chicken" mushrooms, these are large, clustered, usually greasy brown capped mushrooms with white spores that do no blacken at all even after considerable time. According to the Bellanger paper linked above, Europe has 5 genetic species. So far, I find that we have four (3 of theirs and a unique one).   Lyophyllum decastes EU - so far both photographed specimens are tan capped. Our local sequences are sometimes 1% different in ITS from EU sequences, but EU sequences vary by 1% themselves, so either we have the real species, or you cannot differentiate species by ITS. Known from BC, WA and OR. It is a hardwood species in Europe, but a collection under conifers was found in Japan with a practically identical sequence to an EU hardwood collection. Let's note what trees it grows with here. Lyophyllum shimeji EU (Lyophyllum loricatum EU misapplied) -so far all three photographed specimens are dark greyish brown. Growing with 2-needle pine in Asia and Europe and has been found with 3-needle pine here (in fact, whenever the nearby trees were noted in our local collections, pine was always one of them). Dark brown capped collections like this have been going by the name Lyophyllum loricatum, but that is a poorly understood mushroom very unlikely to occur here, so now we have a proper name for them. Although they say in Europe that you cannot tell L. decastes apart from L. shimeji by cap colour, so far, in our limited sampling, you can, so let's keep investigating that. One WA sequence is a great match to EU sequences, but several other sequences differ by almost 1% in ITS1 only. I'm leaving open the possibility that could represent a distinct variety. Lyophyllum 'decastes PNW08' "pale spring" - our pale capped spring species. One possible (unsequenced) collection was reported with a strong potato odor. It is very distinct genetically from all other known species, in need of a name. Known from WA, OR and CA. This has been mistaken in the past for the clustered purer chalky white fall species Leucocybe connata, but it is distinct. See below for a discussion of the mystery of Leucocybe connata and Clitocybe dilatata. Lyophyllum fumosum EU - finally proven from the PNW with a WA collection. It has a fibrous dark brown cap, not a bald one, and a mealy odor. ITS can vary by about 1% throughout Europe and our sequence is well within that range. Lyophyllum decastes, L. shimeji and L. 'decastes PNW08' © Jonathan Frank Lyophyllum fumosum © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   Lyophyllum anthracophilum EU -smallish species, found in burns, with slightly decurrent gills, and a possibly striate cap margin. It might not have been known from the PNW before now because it was mistaken for the similar Myxomphalia maura, which has an umbilicate cap and gelatinous cap flesh that makes it viscid at first. L. anthracophilum may have a pointy cap, but it won't be umbilicate and it is always dry capped. It was not known from the PNW until one OR sequence popped up matching Bellanger's EU sequences. It is in the non-blackening clade, but is smaller and not clustered unlike the above species. Its features should make it recognizable, although there are no uniting features of Lyophyllum nor most of the other genera on this page. Many have placed it in Tephrocybe because they use that genus for all smallish Lyophyllums, but that's not the correct place for it. Lyophyllum 'anthracophilum PNW09' - very similar except not in burns (at least the few times it was found in WA). Differs by 5 bp and 2 indels from L. anthracophilum, but it's really the different ecology that makes me suspect this is a distinct species. Lyophllum PNW11 - closely related, but this one is a strongly hygrophanous tan species with distant decurrent gills and a short stem found fruiting in the spring next to snow in Idaho and California. Lyophyllum PNW12 - this appears to be in a novel clade of Vb (not blackening yet not clustered) not represented in Bellanger. Our one known WA collection was a grey mushroom with a depressed cap, slightly decurrent gills and a long stem. Lyophyllum PNW13 - one WA collection is in clade Vb-1 along with something resembling Tephrocybe striaepilea. Lyophyllum anthracophilum © Bruce Newhouse,     L. 'anthracophilum PNW09' © Jacob Kalichman,     L. PNW11 © Joe Matanzas (2 images) Lyophyllum PNW12 © Yi-Min Wang (3 images),     L. PNW13 © Matthew Koons   Lyophyllum semitale EU group - these greasy brown capped species blacken in places in age or when bruised, sometimes slowly (give it some time). The gills and flesh might stain differently depending on the species. According to Bellanger, Europe has 15 genetic species. We so far have found 6, all distinct from known EU species. These represent the other major clade of the genus. They have been well studied in North America back in 1983 (unfortunately without colour photographs) and we have 17 species described from the PNW that definitely occur here. I need to do the microscopy to figure out the names of the genetic species below; you can bet there's still a lot of work to be done here. Some of these are large and clustered and look like the L. decastes group except for blackening, so there are lookalikes to the fried chicken mushrooms whose edibility has not been tested, so be careful to look for blackening. You can read all about the 17 species here. Here are their names: Lyophyllum acutipes, canescentipes, chamaeleon, chondrocephalum, conoideospermum, fistulosum, furfurellum, geminum, gracile, investitum, leptosarx, lubricum, pallidum, piceum, scabrisporum, solidipes and stenosporum. Now, here are the ones we have genetic information about: (some species are only about 1% apart from each other in ITS so the actual species delineations are not final) Lyophyllum 'semitale PNW01' spring - our spring species, found four times in the spring and only once in fall. Only #7 has also been found in the spring. It is a small to medium sized species usually not clustered. Known from WA and OR. Its spores have been measured as averaging ~8.3 x 5.4u, a bit shorter than #7. Lyophyllum 'semitale PNW02' cf pallidum (or solidipes?) - medium to large sized and sometimes clustered species. This species is only 3bp different from #1, and all in ITS2, which is not a lot, but the differences are consistent and the couple of photos we have so far seem morphologically different enough for it to be a different species, so I'll treat it as such. So far only known from OR. One microscopic analysis of a collection seemed to match Lyophyllum pallidum, with the next closest match being L. solidipes. Lyophyllum 'semitale PNW03' cf canescentipes - one large clustered OR collection is between these two species genetically. A microscopic analysis matched it to Lyophyllum canescentipes. Lyophullum 'semitale PNW04' cf pallidum (or conoideospermum?) - most collections are medium to large and clustered, but one collection was slender and grew more singly. Known from BC, WA, OR and CA. One microscopic analysis of a collection also seemed to match Lyophyllum pallidum, with the next closest match being L. conoideospermum. Lyophyllum 'rhombisporum PNW05' - perhaps a pale, small to medium species that doesn't cluster, this matches the type sequence of L. rhombisporum except for 3 bp. That may be enough for it to be a distinct species, but also, there are many collections of L. infumatum, L. macrosporum and L. fuligineofolium that match within a few bp as well. It still needs to be put through the key to see what it might be. Lyophyllum 'aemiliae PNW06' EU - we have found matching ITS DNA to Bellanger's concept of this species, differing in a couple places plus 6 ambiguous locations, that probably represents this species. I don't know if one of our unknown locally described species is the same and might predate this 1998 name. Lyophyllum 'semitale PNW07' spring - another spring species, found once so far in WA. The spores average 9.3x5.5u, a bit longer than #1. Lyophyllum PNW10 - This species is too distant from the others to be confidently placed here in the tree, but it sometimes clearly blackens, at least somewhere (one seemed to be only in the stem). It grows solitary and is somewhat small. It has been sequenced once in WA and several times in CA. blackening Lyophyllum 'semitale PNW01' © Yi-Min Wang,     L. 'semitale PNW02' © Jonathan Frank,     L. 'semitale PNW03' © Scot Loring Lyophyllum 'semitale PNW04' © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History (stocky and clustered), and Don Moore and Pam Buesing (slender and single) Lyophyllum 'rhombisporum PNW05' © Bruce Newhouse,     L. 'aemilae PNW06 © Jacob Kalichman,     L. 'semitale PNW07' © Yi-Min Wang Lyophyllum PNW10 © Buck McAdoo, Yi-Min Wang, and Stu Pickell (from CA, 2 images, including after blackening)

Rhizocybe - click to expand Spring fruiting, usually funnel shaped "Clitocybes" (strongly decurrent gills and indented caps) with abundant rhizomorphs at the base of the stem. Species mentioned: Rhizocybe vermicularis subsp. americanus, rhizoides, pruinosa, alba. Clitocybe albirhiza.   'Clitocybe' albirhiza ID - very pale orange and white spring mushroom, perhaps with a whitish bloom, unfortunately not funnel shaped and therefore not known until now that it needs to be moved to Rhizocybe. It was described from ID and we have an OR sequence. Rhizocybe sp. (vermicularis subsp. americanus) WA - Funnel shaped cinnamon-orange cap with a possible wavy margin. Spring conifers. This WA subspecies is said to be a darker orange than the EU type variety, but not all collections are that dark. The ITS DNA of a WA and OR sequence are both closer to Rhizocybe alba from China (2%, mostly in ITS1) than they are to Rhizocybe vermicularis (>10%), so our subspecies probably needs to be promoted to species. Rhizocybe pruinosa EU - with a pale greyish-brown cap supposedly lacking orange tones (like R. rhizoides, next) although our collection looked somewhat pinkish-orange, meaning it has probably been mistaken for R. 'vermicularis subsp. americanus'. I await a way to tell them apart. It was discovered in the PNW in 2021 on Camano Island WA, matching official EU sequences from the paper that recombined the species into Rhizocybe, except for 10 ambiguous locations where one of the possibilities always matches the EU sequences. It is a subalpine species in the EU, but was found here near sea level. 'Clitocybe' albirhiza © Leah Bendlin,     Rhizocybe sp. (vermicularis subsp. americanus) © Jonathan Frank and Heidi Hoelting,     R. pruinosa © Buck McAdoo   Rhizocybe rhizoides TN - discovered in the PNW for the first time at Mt. Rainier in spring 2017, this Tennessee species has a greyish-brown funnel cap (lacking orange tones) with a whitish bloom and a bitter taste. With spring conifers. Our DNA matches the type sequence almost exactly. Since then it appears to have been been found 10 more times in WA and OR in spring 2020 and 2021. Rhizocybe rhizoides © Sava Krstic and Yi-Min Wang

Calocybe - click to expand Colourful Lyophyllums (purple, orange and pink). Most others in the family are boring grey-brown. Attempts to split into Rugosomyces are unnecessary, as all these species are related enough to belong properly in Calocybe. Species mentioned: Calocybe onychina, fallax, naucoria, carnea, persicolor   Calocybe aff onychina EU - beautiful purple cap and stem with bright yellow gills, one OR sequence is 4 bp and 3 indels from EU sequences, so I can't rule out that ours may be a sister species. Calocybe naucoria EU - generally orange, a synonym of Calocybe fallax, which is an older name, but never described validly so the name was abandoned. It seems to be a species complex in Europe, but I am following Bellinger in determining which is the real species. We have a collection from OR that matches it. Calocybe 'naucoria PNW01' - OR, NY and AZ have collections that are 4% different in ITS, so this one might be a sister species. Calocybe carnea EU - generally pink. One WA collection matches EU sequences quite well. It is thought that the newer Calocybe persicolor is the same species. unsequenced Calocybe aff onychina © Michael Beug,     C. 'naucoria PNW01' © Connor Dooley,     C. carnea © Matthew Koons

Asterophora - click to expand Small parasitic agarics on Russula and Lactarius, either with no gills (very rudimentary) or with more widely spaced gills than the similar 'Collybia'. They may have powdery caps full of asexual spores. Species mentioned: Asterophora lycoperdoides, parasitica   Asterophora lycoperdoides EU - gills almost absent, very powdery cap full of asexual spores. This EU species is found worldwide, including here. Asterophora 'parasitica PNW01' - true gills that are more widely spaced than 'Collybia'. This EU species is found in Mexico, but our one PNW sequence is 7 bp different in ITS and may be distinct. Asterophora lycoperdoides © Lauren Ré,     unsequenced A. 'parasitica PNW01' © Noah Siegel

Hypsizygus and Ossicaulis - click to expand Large, wood inhabiting species. Species mentioned: Hypsizygus tessulatus, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Ossicaulis lignatilis   Hypsizygus tessulatus EU - the store bought "elm oyster". Fairly large tan cap with water spots being its most distinctive feature. Notched gills. May be farinaceous. Hardwood. Not hygrophanous. This cultivated "elm oyster" also goes by an east coast cultivated name, Hypsizygus marmoreus. Sequences worldwide vary by about 4-6 bp, although all our local sequences match quite well with each other. It is all considered one species, with H. tessulatus being the oldest name. Ossicaulis 'lignatilis PNW01' - pure white, crowded gills of variable attachment. Stem sometimes off centre. Strong fungal-farinaceous odor. Hardwoods. Not hygrophanous. At about 4% different in ITS, our local species sequenced from ID, WA, and OR may be a distinct sister species to the European one. unsequenced Hypsizygus tessulatus © Kit Scates Barnhart,     Ossicaulis 'lignatilis PNW01' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)

Atractosporocybe - click to expand Atractosporocybe are greyish-white Clitocybe lookalikes, but with spores more than twice as long as they are wide. Species mentioned: Atractosporocybe inornata subsp. occidentalis. Clitocybe sclerotoidea   Atractosporocybe inornata UK subsp. occidentalis MI - a quite large, chalky grey species, said to have a strongly unpleasant odor (e.g. mouse urine) in Europe, but no odor in western NA, so ours was described as a separate subspecies. ITS DNA from OR matches that from the EU, so there does not appear to be much genetic distinction to support the subspecies, so it should be investigated if odor does indeed correlate to geography and if ours deserves the rank of subspecies. 'Clitocybe' sclerotoidea WA/CA - the paper describing the new genus Atractosporocybe said to consider that the microscopically similar Clitocybe sclerotoidea (described from WA and CA) may properly belong in Atractosporocybe and I can report that two WA sequences show that the species should be renamed. It is recognized by a giant ball of white sclerotia with large greyish-white Clitocybes. The WA sequences are 3% different than A. inornata in ITS, which is closely related. Atractosporocybe inornata © Jonathan Frank,     'Clitocybe' sclerotoidea © Danny Miller

Gerhardtia - click to expand Our PNW species has a greasy, hygrophanous cap that starts out deep red-brown and fades to medium brown, and a white stem. It could be mistaken for Rhodocollybia butyracea, but the gills are very crowded and not at all serrated.   Gerhardtia foliicola JP - this genus was not known from the PNW until it showed up by DNA on a couple WA collections that were either unidentified or misidentified. Matching DNA of this species can be found in Pakistan, China, Japan (where it was described) and South Korea. It seems to have made its way here from SE Asia. Gerhardtia foliicola © Yi-Min Wang and Connor Dooley

Leucocybe - click to expand Some white Clitocybes (and even one that isn't white when fresh) turned out to be more closely related to Lyophyllum and were moved , but which ones? Unfortunately, there's no good morphological way to tell them apart. You just have to learn them. All have decurrent gills like Clitocybe. Some are chalky white with a removable bloom. Species mentioned: Leucocybe candicans, Clitocybe tenuissima, Leucocybe connata, Clitocybe dilatata, Leucocybe salmonilamella   Leucocybe candicans EU (='Clitocybe' tenuissima EU) - a small chalky white forest 'Clitocybe' with a bloom that can be rubbed off exposing a more translucent, greasy cap. It is easily confused with a similar but poisonous grass species, Clitocybe rivulosa (dealbata) as well as the slightly larger forest species Clitocybe phyllophila. We have a local WA sequence as well as eastern North American, Colorado and European sequences that all match. Leucocybe connata EU - large clusters of chalky white mushrooms in the fall. Sometimes stocky (when it could be mistaken for Lyophyllum "pale spring" above), but often mistakenly referred to as Clitocybe dilatata when found in a slender form with wavy caps. FeSO4 turns violet. We have BC, WA and OR sequences matching this EU species, of both the stocky and slender forms. We have finally solved one of my most longstanding mysteries. In Europe, where they're apparently smarter than we are, they consider Clitocybe dilatata not to be a unique mushroom, but a junior synonym of the single (non clustered) white Clitocybe phyllophila. It appears they are correct. But dozens of years ago somebody in a North American book somewhere said that Clitocybe dilatata was a slender clustered species with chalky white, wavy caps, and for some reason, it was said to be very poisonous (perhaps just because there is a poisonous white Clitocybe rivulosa/dealbata). Everybody has parroted that information into dozens of guidebooks and online websites. It has long been suspected that what we have been calling Clitocybe dilatata might actually be Leucocybe connata, and therefore not poisonous. This proves it. Perhaps even though the ITS DNA is basically identical, the slender and stocky forms will be considered different forms or varieties of each other, but regardless of that, the important thing is that what we have been calling Clitocybe dilatata is neither a Clitocybe nor poisonous. The one remaining mystery is why 'Clitocybe' dilatata is reported with a negative FeSO4 reaction. Leucocybe candicans © Jacob Kalichman,     L. connata (atypical stocky form) © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History & (typical slender form) © Yi-Min Wang   'Clitocybe' salmonilamella CA - this is not even white when fresh like the others and therefore even harder to identify as a Leucocybe. It has a pinkish tan cap with a white rim (like many Clitocybes do) but the pink tinge to the gills helps identify it. When dried it turns white perhaps with pinkish tones, unlike most similar Clitocybes. This still needs to be renamed to Leucocybe salmonilamella. DNA has been found in OR and WA matching the CA type sequence almost exactly. 'Clitocybe' salmonilamella (fresh and drying out) © Daniel Winkler and Danny Miller

Omphaliaster - click to expand Recognized by round spores with warty nodules, but otherwise a nondescript omphalinoid/clitocyboid with an indented hygrophanous cap that may be striate, somewhat decurrent gills and somewhat farinaceous odor and taste. Species mentioned: Omphaliaster asterosporus, borealis.   Omphaliaster asterosporus EU - supposedly more umbilicate and less striate than O. borealis. We need local collections to prove it is here as reported. Omphaliaster borealis EU - only one report of this in the PNW a long time ago. We don't have any sequences, not even EU sequences to compare to.

Tephrocybe/Sphagnurus/Sagaranella/Myochromella/Tephroderma/Tricholyophyllum - click to expand Smaller, hard to identify white spored mushrooms. These smaller mushrooms were separated from Lyophyllum into Tephrocybe, but then they ended up all being in different parts of the tree, so they each ended up in their own genus. As you may have noticed by all the confusing genera on this page, once Lyophyllum was split, it started a chain reaction that makes it tempting to wish that everything on this page would all be lumped back into Lyophyllum. Species mentioned: Tephrocybe rancida, Sphagnurus paluster, Tephrocybe palustris, Sagaranella tylicolor. Myochromella ozes. Tephroderma fuscopallens. Tricholyophyllum brunneum.   Unfortunately, Tephrocybe was already difficult enough to identify when our three species were split into even harder to recognize three separate genera. Sphagnurus and Sagaranella are somewhat related along with Asterophora, but as some are parasitic and some have finely warty spores, they are being considered as somewhat cryptic separate genera. Tephrocybe rancida EU - is distinctive enough with dark colours covered in a whitish pruinose, rancid odor and long rooting stem. Our OR sequences differ from EU type area sequences by 3-4 bp. Sphagnurus paluster NY (Tephrocybe palustris) - a very anonymous little mushroom that can be quite variable, parasitic on mosses. A PQ sequence of this NY mushroom has the same sequence as a WA collection, so we appear to have this species here. It is also found in Europe. Sagaranella tylicolor EU - finely warty spores are not common and help rescue this one from obscurity, along with notched gills and the fact that it's said to grow on enriched ground (e.g. with animal urine). We have sequenced it from OR matching EU sequences. It appears that other Sagaranella species like Sagaranella tesquorum have the same ITS DNA and may not be distinct species. Tephrocybe rancida © Leah Bendlin,     Sphagnurus paluster © Sadie Hickey,     Sagaranella tylicolor © A and O Ceska   Myochromella PNW01 - a new genus for the PNW was discovered with this WA collection, now found a half dozen times in WA, but it doesn't match either known species. The name translates to "little mouse coloured" mushroom, referring to the greyish colouration. Some species are umbonate. Myochromella PNW02 - another novel species found once in WA. Myochromella ozes EU - one recent WA sequence matches 5 EU sequences. Myochromella PNW03 - one WA collection, close in ITS to PNW04 but looking distinct for now. Myochromella PNW04 - two WA and one CA sequenced collection are darker grey-brown and a little stockier than PNW03 with an interesting stem like PNW01. This species is only 4 bp different in ITS from PNW03, but so far appears to look distinct. Myochromella PNW05 - one WA collection, with a very short ITS fragment that matches an OSU collection (labeled Gymnopus putillus) that shows us what the full ITS sequence probably is for this species. Mycochromella PNW01 © Jacob Kalichman,     M. PNW02 © Connor Dooley,     M. PNW03 © Kendra Dedinsky (2 images)   Myochromella PNW04 © Yi-Min Wang (2 images), Matthew Koons, and Alan Rockefeller (from CA),     M. PNW05 © Matthew Koons   Tephroderma PNW01 - A smaller grey-brown funnel cap (strongly decurrent gills and a cap that gets depressed in age). It seems to be hygrophanous as one dry collection was quite pale. Tephroderma was not known from the PNW. The only known species in the world is Tephroderma fuscopallens EU from France. But this find near Mt. Rainier and Mt. Adams in WA sequences closer to Tephroderma than to any other genus, and kind of looks similar, but at >5% different in ITS it almost definitely constitutes a second species in this so far monotypic genus. Tephroderma shows up as a possible sister genus to Atractosporocybe in some trees. This species somewhat resembles Clitocybe PNW09. Tephroderma PNW01 © Jacob Kalichman and Michael Beug (2 images)   Tricholyophyllum - clade XI in Bellanger's paper (linked above in the introduction) has now got a name, Tricholyophyllum, thanks to the description of the type species in that genus, Tricholyophyllum brunneum. A few of our species appear to be inside that genus. Tricholyophyllum PNW01/PNW02/PNW03/PNW04 - these four species have high support inside this recent genus. These will be difficult to recognize as Tricholyophyllum since it is a poorly understood genus. They each seem to have a different shade of brown for a cap colour. Tricholyophyllum PNW01 © Yi-Min Wang,     T. PNW02 © Buck McAdoo,     T. PNW03 © Yi-Min Wang,     T. PNW04 © Connor Dooley

Unnamed Genera - click to expand These are going to be hard to recognize because these six genera don't even have names yet! I am hoping that a multi-gene study will lump some of these genera together so the Lyophyllaceae won't continue to be split as much as it seems. Species mentioned: Lyophyllum turcicum, Clitocybe thujana, Clitocybe subditopoda.   (Clitocybaceae, not Lyophyllaceae) Bellanger Clade I-3 Clitocybaceae PNW02 - a cool frosted grey species. This is in Bellanger Lyophyllaceae clade I-3, one of the clades that had poor support for being in the Lyophyllaceae, which in fact we now believe could be a new genus in the Clitocybaceae, so it is treated there as well. Clitocybaceae PNW02 © Yi-Min Wang   'Paralyophyllum' - proposed new genus name for 'Clitocybe' thujana, 'Lyophyllum' turcicum, etc. - the type sequences of these two species belong in neither Clitocybe nor Lyophyllum, but in a so-far unnamed genus that does not even appear in Bellanger. Here are the species we have in this genus so far: 'Paralyophyllum' 'turcicum PNW01' - does not turn black, and grows solitary. It is going to be hard to differentiate from Lyophyllum sp. 'Buck #436' above (which might be a bit smaller) and species of Tricholyophyllum. It is related to 'Lyophyllum' turcicum (differs by 8 bp and 3 indels from the type sequence) which also needs to be moved to this new genus once it gets a name. 'Paralyophyllum' PNW02 - with a similar greasy, depressed cap (in one collection, convex in another), adnate to slightly notched gills, farinaceous smell, strongly farinaceous taste. The WA collection was found with Douglas-fir, western red cedar and rhododendron. The ID collection was found with Douglas-fir and aspen.  'Clitocybe' thujana WA - The paper "The Pseudoomphalina kalchbrenneri complex in North America" sequenced the WA type of 'Clitocybe' thujana, wondering if it might be a Pseudoomphalina instead, but it turned out to be very far away from both genera, and inside the same as yet unnamed genus that 'Lyophyllum' turcicum is in. It had never been collected in modern times nor photographed, at least in colour, until it was found in WA again, matching the type sequence, so now we have a good colour photo! It is said to have a viscid (that would be unusual for this family) light brown cap and decurrent gills that discolour dingy yellowish. It is definitely very hygrophanous. 'Paralyophyllum' 'turcicum PNW01' © Yi-Min Wang,     'Paralyophyllum' PNW02 © Jacob Kalichman (2 images) 'Paralyophyllum' PNW02 © Krista Willmorth (2 images),     'Clitocybe' thujana © Yi-Min Wang   Another genus: that also is missing from Bellanger. Let's call it Metalyophyllum for now 'Metalyophyllum' PNW01 - this WA collection could possibly be distant enough to be in a genus by itself; it was mistaken for Arrhenia (first collection) and Gamundia (second collection). It is a late winter (Feb/Mar) species in conifer forests. 'Metalyophyllum' PNW01 © Steve Ness (2 images) and Sharon Squazzo   Yet anther genus - not in Bellanger Lyophyllacae PNW01 (='Clitocybe' vibecina EU?) - a smallish grey/brown strongly hygophanous watery/chalky species, with decurrent gills but perhaps not with as indented a cap. Some collections with a matching sequence have been identified as Clitocybe subditopoda NY, Clitocybe ditopoda EU, and Clitocybe vibecina EU, possibly all incorrectly, but Pablo Alvardo's best guess is that this is 'Clitocybe' vibecina. The first picture is a fall collection, the second is spring. Lyophyllaceae PNW01 © Danny Miller, Yi-Min Wang, and Buck McAdoo   Bellanger Clade I-10 Lyophyllaceae PNW03 - another new genus, another greasy-tan species. This is Bellanger clade I-10, which does seem to show up in the Lyophyllaceae for me, but without support. Perhaps Bellanger clade I does not all belong together. Lyophyllaceae PNW03 © Yi-Min Wang   Bellanger Clade I-4 Lyophyllaceae PNW04 - another new genus, Bellanger Clade I-4, especially yellow-brown and decurrent with lots of hairs near the stem base. One ID collection was stocky and not quite as colourful. Lyophyllaceae PNW05 - also in Clade I-4, also yellowish-tan, and very hygrophanous. Also some stem base hairs, maybe this is a genus character. Unlike clade I-3, this clade I-4 does appear to be in the Lyophyllaceae.   Lyophyllaceae PNW04 © Harte Singer and Kendra Dedinsky,     L. PNW05 © Ed Barge   Bellanger Clade X Lyophyllaceae PNW06 - in clade X, a frosted grey-white species on sedge debris in a bog. Lyophyllaceae PNW06 © Connor Dooley

Back to Main Menu