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Danny’s DNA Discoveries – Helotiales of the PNW
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Introduction
The Leotiomycetes are the inoperculate class of ascos, where the ascii do not have a lid, but instead have a pore at the top that the spores escape from. This is difficult to see without a quality microscope, but the species in the class are usually tiny cup fungi (maximum size <1cm across) growing on wood, as well as the earth tongues (club fungi with a differentiated head). In contrast, the Pezizomycetes contain true truffles, morels and false morels, the larger cup fungi, and tiny cups that do not grow on wood (although there are exceptions). Other classes of ascos exist as well with more cups, truffle-like fungi, and carbonaceous fungi. My ITS tree cannot show the orders holding together, but a 5-gene study and a 15-gene study confirm where I have placed these species. The Helotiales is the largest and most diverse order of the Leotiomycetes. Although the Ekanayaka's 5-gene study implied the Cyttariales and the Erysiphales should be split from the Helotiales, Johnston's 15-gene study kept them together, and I am following that. I am not going to break this order down into families, because the divisions are only genetic and don't usually make sense, so I will attempt to group them morphologically. abundant common uncommon rare - colour codes match my Pictorial Key and are my opinions and probably reflect my bias of living in W WA. Rare species may be locally common in certain places at certain times. |
Earth Tongues
- clubs with a differentiated head. If the head is small, it is convex, not just
a cup or a disc on a stem. Mitrula "elegans-CA01" - found in very wet areas with bright yellow-orange elongated heads on a whitish stem. Heyderia have duller colours and are found on dryer ground. Our Mitrula sequences so far seem to be closer to M. paludosa EU (within 3% in ITS) than they are to some of the competing concepts of M. elegans EU (the species we are reported to have). Mitrula borealis ON - with different spores, has been reported from BC and ID. We have an isotype sequence but no sequenced local collections yet. Bryoglossum gracile EU - found in high elevation moss with a more rounded, duller orange-pinkish-yellowish head, and a more pigmented stem. CA and AK sequences seem to match ENA sequences, but we need EU sequences to confirm we have this species. We need local collections. Mitrula "elegans-CA01" © Matthew Koons, Bryoglossum gracile (from CA) © Justin Paulin
Vibrissea truncorum EU - bright orange hemispheres on a white stem in very wet places. This is the type of the genus. We have EU and ENA sequences that probably show us what this is, and some PNW sequences that match. Vibrissea 'truncorum PNW01' - this sister species has a duller peachy coloured head (also with a white stem) and is probably smaller. It may not have the same affinity for wet places. Other Vibrissea are cups and covered below. Eustilbum aureum EU (=Helotium resinicola BC) - small orange hemispheres on an orange stem growing on conifer resin (sap). EU, ENA and WA sequences match. The synonym Helotium resinicola BC was described from BC, but I'm not sure how that affects the nomenclature. There are a lot of synonyms, but this seems to be the best name. This may be in a novel family. Vibrissea truncorum © Matthew Koons, Vibrissea 'truncorum PNW01' © Leah Bendlin, Eustibulum aureum © Matthew Koons
Cudoniella PNW01 - non-gelatinous whitish hemispheres on a long white stem from dryer habitats. True Cudoniella are not gelatinous and are in the Tricladiaceae. Cudoniella clavus EU needs moving to a new genus in the Helotiaceae, either Cudoniella2 or Cudoniella3. I don't have a reliable sequence of it. Cudoniella2 PNW01 (Cudoniella clavus EU misapplied) - gelatinous whitish hemispheres on a long white stem (most like true Cudoniella) from very wet habitats. Cudoniella2 PNW03 (Cudoniella clavus EU misapplied) - gelatinous brown hemispheres on a long white stem from very wet habitats. Cudoniella3 PNW02 (Cudoniella clavus EU misapplied) - gelatinous whitish hemispheres on a short white stem from very wet habitats. This species clades separately and probably needs a different genus than Cudoniella2. Cudoniella PNW01 © Yi-Min Wang, Cudoniella2 PNW01 © Leah Bendlin, Cudoniella2 PNW03 © Matthew Koons, Cudoniella3 PNW02 © Leah Bendlin |
Cups With Hairy Rims
Brunnipila PNW01 - tiny cups with buff interiors and darker brown hairs on the exterior, with short stems on fern canes. We have sequences purporting to be the type species and other species in the genus, and they clade together. This genus was not known from the PNW until sequenced from OR. Capitotricha PNW01 (Capitotricha bicolor EU misapplied?) - tiny almost stemless cups with bright orange interiors and white hairs on the exterior, on Rubus and other canes. There are a few competing concepts for what this is in the EU. Our species matches one of them, but it's not necessarily the real thing. Lachnellula calyciformis EU (=L. hyalina EU) - short stemmed cups with bright orange interiors with white exterior hairs (similar to Capitotricha but perhaps with a more developed stem) but on conifer twigs instead. We have the type sequence of L. hyalina and worldwide sequences of L. calyciformis that suggest it is an older synonym. Lachnellula PNW01 - similar, probably differentiated microscopically from L. calyciformis, and I believe many other species of Lachnellula etc. fit this description as well. We have one WA collection of this species on a larch twig. Lachnellula arida CA - tiny short stemmed cups with bright orange interiors and dark brown exterior hairs on conifer twigs. We have recent collections that probably represent this west coast species, as few species are said to have this colour combination. Lachnum 'virgineum PNW01' - all white stemmed cups with white hairs on Rubus and other canes. I don't have a sequence of the type of the genus, but we have sequences that supposedly represent the genus. We're not sure what this EU species is, but we appear to have at least 2 local species. Lachnum 'virgineum PNW02' - this sequence matches one of the EU concepts and could possibly be the real thing. Lachnum "pudibundum-CA01" - found in OR and CA. It is another white stemmed cup, presumably differing microscopically. I don't put any weight on it being close to L. pudibundum EU, since we have no type area sequences to match to. Lasiobelonium PNW01 - somewhat stemless, deep cups with small mouths with orange-brown interiors and quite shaggy brown exteriors on hardwoods. This could be L. corticale and/or L. subflavidum. Lasiobelonium corticale EU - was reported from here, but we have no DNA for it. It's possible it's PNW01. Lasiobelonium subflavidum WA - the type of the genus. We have a NZ sequence that might be this, and if so, it's distinct from PNW01.
Brunnipila PNW01 © Leah Bendlin, Capitotricha PNW01 (from CA) © Dean Lyons, Lachnellula calyciformis © Yi-Min Wang, Lachnellula PNW01 © Regina Johnson Lachnellula arida © Yi-Min Wang, Lachnum 'virgineum PNW02' © Leah Bendlin, Lachnum "pudibundum-CA01" © Ethan Disbrow, Lasiobelonium PNW01 © Matthew Koons
The following have not been photographed/sequenced yet, but have been reported from the PNW. Based on their tree position, I surmise they have hairy rims, but I could be wrong. We need collections of all of them. Albotricha albotestacea EU - we have a sequence purporting to be the type of the genus, and a type area sequence of this species. Albotricha washingtonensis WA - no DNA yet. Belonidium cenangioides UT - no DNA yet, but I do have a sequence purporting to be of the type species of the genus. Belonidium sulphureum EU - no DNA yet Dasyscyphella nivea EU - we have sequences purporting to be this from the EU and ENA. We don't have a sequence of the type species of the genus, but it is thought that this species is in the correct genus. Dennisiodiscus crossotus UT - we have a sequence purporting to be the type species of the genus but no DNA of this species. Hamatocanthoscypha laricionis EU - this is the type species, and we have a sequence purporting to be this. Hamatocanthoscypha uncinata CA - no DNA yet. Hyalopeziza ciliata EU - no DNA of this nor the type species of the genus, but Ekanayaka provides a sequence of something in this genus. Hyaloscypha diabolica OR - no DNA yet. Hyaloscypha fuckelii var. alniseda EU - no DNA yet. Hyaloscypha vitreola EU - the type of the genus. We have type area DNA of this species. Hyphodiscus sp. - an attempt to sequence a polypore ended up with a parasite sequence that may be in this genus. We don't have a sequence of the type species, but Ekanayaka provides a sequence said to be in this genus. Lachnellula pini EU (=Dasyscyphus pini) - we have a dozen ENA sequences but no type area sequences. Lachnellula agassizii New England - no DNA yet Lachnellula ciliata EU - no DNA yet Lachnellula occidentalis BC - we have a sequence of an original collection that might be a type Lachnellula populina CO - no DNA yet Lachnellula pseudotsugae CA - no DNA yet Lachnellula suecica EU - the type species of the genus, we have an EU type area sequence. Lachnellula willkommii EU - no DNA yet Lachnum capitatum NY - no DNA yet. Many Lachnum need to be moved. Lachnum cerinum EU - no DNA yet Lachnum clandestinum EU - no DNA yet Lachnum flavofuligineum EU - no DNA yet Lachnum gaultheriae WA - no DNA yet Lachnum miniatum WA - no DNA yet Lachnum nardi EU - no DNA yet Lachnum pallidoeroseum EU - no DNA yet Lachnum pulverulentus EU - no DNA yet Lachnum pygmaeum EU - no DNA yet Perrotia flammea EU - the type of the genus. We have one type area sequence purporting to be this, and it seems to clade inside Dasyscyphella. CA has some likely unnamed species in this genus. Pezoloma ciliifera EU - we have a couple type are sequences of this, the type area species, that show this may be a species complex. |
Cups Without Hairy Rims
Gelatinous Cups Ascocoryne sarcoides EU - a purplish (to pinkish) jelly disc/blob. Local sequences match a few EU type area sequences well. Ascocoryne cylichnium EU - has larger spores. There are multiple concepts in the EU, one of which is the same as A. sarcoides. We need to better understand what this species is. Ascocoryne striata NA - no DNA Ascotremella faginea NY - we have EU sequences, but no type area sequences nor local collections. Chloroscypha alutipes CA - may not be gelatinous. We have some CA type area sequences, but I don't have sequences of the type species of the genus to prove its placement. We need local collections. Chloroscypha flavida WA - no DNA yet. We need local collections. Ascocoryne sarcoides © Heather Dawson
Dark and leathery, almost carbonaceous (Godroniaceae) Atropellis pinicola NA - no DNA, IF says this may belong in Godronia. Atropellis piniphila NA - no DNA of any species to prove the position of this genus. Godronia cassandrae NY - I don't have a sequence of the type species, but I do have sequences that they say represent this genus. I have not yet collected DNA of the species that have been reported here. We need collections of all of them. Godronia confertus ENA? - Godronia davidsonii CO AK - Godronia fuliginosa EU - Godronia grossulariae OR - Godronia multispora ON - Godronia spiraeae EU - Godronia uberiformis ON - Grovesiella abieticola NA - we have a sequence of this, the type of the genus, but need local collections. Encoeliopsis rhododendri EU - the type species of the genus. We have a type area sequence, but we need local collections.
Translucent blue cups (Mollisiaceae) Mollisia cinerea EU - the type species of the genus, we have EU sequences that show this is probably a species group. We need local collections. We need sequences of all these other Mollisia species to verify what genus they are in because many have been moved. Mollisia amenticola EU? - Mollisia caespiticia EU - Mollisia complicatula EU? - Mollisia gaultheriae WA - Mollisia plantaginis EU - Mollisia benesuada EU - type area sequences show this inside Mollisia. Mollisia revincta EU - type area sequences show it may be a complex that varies in ITS by 3% or so, and it seems to belong inside Mollisia. Tapesia fusca EU - the type of the genus, we have some sequences that might be this. It is controversial whether or not it is distinct from Mollisia. It seems to be inside Mollisia. Nipterella parksii CA - we don't have sequences of the type species to verify where this genus is placed, but we have a couple of BC sequences in different genera, one of which may represent this. It may need moving to Mollisia. Nipterella tsugae BC - no DNA yet. Phialocaphala dimorphospora ON - we have an epitype sequence of this, the type species, showing what this genus is. One OR collection is 5 bp and 1 long indel different in ITS. Phialocephala oblonga NY - we have many type area sequenes. One WA collection is 5 bp different in ITS. Pyrenopeziza rubi EU - we have one type area sequence of the type species that may show us where this genus lives. There is no data on if this is in the proper genus for this species or not. Other supposed Pyrenopeziza seem to be in Mollisia instead. Phialocephala dimorphospora © Leah Bendlin, Phialocephala oblonga © Fred Rhoades
Cups, Cushions, Stemmed Cups Tatraea PNW01 (Tatraea macrospora NY misapplied?) - a tan stemless disc, but it does attach at a single point like the others to what I think is a conifer log. We have a sequence that might be the type of the genus. We also have ENA type area sequences of Tatraea macrospora NY, but DNA from a WA collection may be a different sister species than the one reported from here. Vibrissea decolorans EU - tiny brown cushions on a short stem on wet, submerged twigs. We have local DNA, but no type area DNA to prove our species is the same. For now, I'm assuming it is. Vibrissea filisporia EU - differs microscopically. We have local DNA, but no type area DNA to prove our species is the same. For now, I'm assuming it is. Xerombrophila crystallifera EU - yellowish cushions on conifer twigs. This is the type of the genus. We have type area sequences and a matching OR sequence. Bryoscyphus dicrani EU - short stemmed white cups on mosses. It was not known from the PNW until sequenced from WA, matching reliable sequences that show it does belong in this genus. Helotiales PNW01 - yellow/orange stemmed cups on wet ground with conifer debris. This may have a name in Hymenoscyphus, but like many species in that genus, doesn't actually belong there. Family unknown. Helotiales PNW02 - white almost stemless discs on conifer twigs with moss nearby. This is in the same genus as PNW03, and one possibility is the genus Phaeohelotium, but I am guessing that Phaeohelotium is where P. 'geogenia PNW01' belongs (see below). We need type sequences of its type species to prove it. Helotiales PNW03 - similar white, almost stemless discs on a conifer log. This is in the same genus as PNW02. Phaeohelotium 'geogenium PNW01' - similar white, almost stemless discs on hardwood sticks. we don't have a sequence of the type species, so I don't know where this genus is, and it seems to be polyphyletic. For now, I am putting this species, newly found when sequenced from BC and WA, tentatively in this genus, and saying that Helotiales PNW01 and PNW02 need a new genus name. Hymenoscyphus PNW02 - minute yellow/orange-ish stemmed cups on what I guess in an alder leaf. Hymenoscyphus 'sinicus PNW01' - white long stemmed cups. Our sequence is 7bp different in ITS from the type sequence. Hymenoscyphus PNW03 - similar cream coloured stemmed cups on what I think are deciduous canes. Hymenoscyphus PNW04 - similar whitish stemmed cups on what I think are decidious canes. Tatraea PNW01 © Matthew Koons, Vibrissea decolorans © Jenny Lippert, Vibrissea filisporia © Jonathan Frank, Xerombrophila crystallifera © Heather Dawson Bryoscyphus dicrani © Matthew Koons, Helotiales PNW01 © Matthew Koons Helotiales PNW02 © Bitty Roy, Helotiales PNW03 © iNaturalist user darcierose, Phaeohelotium 'geogenium PNW01' © Sharon Squazzo Hymenoscyphus PNW02 © Stephen Russell, H. 'sinicus PNW01' © Buck McAdoo, H. PNW03 © iNaturalist user debk, H. PNW04 © Jay D Scelza
The following have not been photographed/sequenced yet, but have been reported from the PNW. Based on their tree position, I surmise they are don't have hairy rims, but I could be wrong. We need collections of all of them. Belonioscypha miniata OR - no DNA from anywhere. Some in this genus have been moved to Crocicreas, for which I also don't have DNA. We need collections. Cyathicula alpina CO - no DNA. We have DNA of the type species, but others have cast doubt that this is in the correct genus. Diplocarpon rosae EU - black spots on rose leaves. We have EU type area sequences of this, the type species of the genus. Discinella shimperi Russia - growing on sphagnum. We have a sequence purporting to be the type species of the genus, but no DNA of this species. Drepanopeziza ribis EU - this is the type species of the genus. we have an EU type area sequence and OR sequences that match fairly well. We need photographed collections. Gloeotinia granigena EU - We have a purported sequence of this, and sequences of the type species of the genus, which do not appear to be in the same genus, so this may need a new genus. Helotium albuminum NY - no DNA yet to know what genus it belongs to as this genus is not really used anymore Helotium caraborum EU - no DNA yet to know what genus it belongs to as this genus is not really used anymore Hymenoscyphus epiphyllus EU - I have type area DNA of the type species H. fructigenus (which is a complex varying worldwide by a few % in ITS), showing what this genus really is. It needs to be split into a half dozen or more genera because it has been used for any stemmed cup without a hairy rim. I have few other sequences of species in this genus yet, including of this species. Hymenoscyphus fastidiosus NY - no DNA yet Hymenoscyphus rufescens OR - no DNA yet Hymenoscyphus salicellus EU - no DNA yet Hymenoscyphus scutula EU - no DNA yet Hymenoscyphus virgultorum EU - no DNA yet Leptotrochila repanda EU - no DNA yet of this species nor the type species. One supposed sequence doesn't look right to me. Pestalopezia brunneopruinosa OR - the type species. No DNA from anywhere of this genus to confirm its placement. Pestalopezia tsugae BC - no DNA yet. Pseudopeziza medicaginis EU - we have an ENA sequence but need type area sequences. Pseudopeziza trifolii EU - the type of the genus, we have a type area sequence. Roesleria subterranea Russia -we don't have sequences of the type species, but we have some sequences that may be this. Roeslerina microspora BC - no DNA yet. Roeslerina radicella BC - the type of the genus. No DNA yet, but said to be near Roesleria. Sageria tsugae BC - the type of the genus. No DNA yet, and this is of uncertain family. Strossmayeria atriseda EU - we don't have a sequence of the type species but Ekanayaka provides what might be sequences in this genus. No DNA yet of this species.
The 15-gene study placed these in the Helotiales, but the 5-gene study had them in separate orders (Cyttariales and Erysiphales). Diplocarpa 'irregularis PNW01' (=Ionomidotis 'irregularis PNW01') - EU and PNW ITS differs a bit from ENA sequences of this PN species, and ours is closer to Diplocarpa fischeri EU than it is to D. irregularis PN, so ours may need a new name. This is the type species of Ionomidotis, but it clades inside the older genus Diplocarpa, so all Ionomidotis may need a name change. Podosphaera pannosa EU - We don't have sequences of the type species of the genus to fix its place in the tree, but many sequences of P. pannosa might show us where the genus is. We need local collections. Polydesmia pruinosa UK/Sri Lanka - fuzzy white cushions on decidious wood. We have many sequences of this, the type of the genus, and a matching sequence from WA. Sawadaea bicornis EU - powdery mildew of maple, no information yet Unguiculella oregonensis OR - no data on the type species, but Ekanayaka provides a sequence that might belong to this genus. No DNA of this species yet. Polydesmia pruinosa © Matthew Koons |