Summary of Interesting Results Here are some of the newest, most interesting results of the study: tbd

Entoloma (Rhodopolia) (Eccilia) - click to expand Entoloma in the sense North Americans use it are medium to large (tricholomatoid), smooth, lubricious capped species with grey or brown tones. There are clamps in the cap cuticle. They are very difficult to differentiate from each other without a scope. Nolanea are smaller and more slender (collybioid or mycenoid) with similar cap texture and colour, without clamps in the cap cuticle. The other genera on this page are more colourful or not lubricous. Rarely, an Entoloma might be a tiny omphalinoid species (formerly called Eccilia but now known to be part of Rhodopolia), in which case it could easily be confused with Paraeccilia (now part of Claudopus). For those that lump everything on this page in Entoloma, this is considered section Entoloma/Rhodopolia (I don't know why it's not called section Entoloma by everybody). For those that split, these are the true Entoloma s.s. Species mentioned: Entoloma alnobetulae, alpicola, brunnescipes, clavaformipes, grande, griseoavellaneum, griseum, heracleodora, laceratum, lividoalbum, majaloides, saussetiense, lividum, lupinum, lyophylloidium, myrmecophilum, nidorosum, politum, lactarioides, nitriolens, pseudocostatum, pseudolividum, rhodopolium, sericatum, svalbardense, sinuatum, speculum, subpolitum, subsaundersii, subsinuatum, aurorae-borealis, borgenii, bryorum. Nolanea abbreviatipes.   Omphalinoid/Clitocyboid Entolomas Entoloma politum EU - an omphalinoid Entoloma, with a mostly non-striate stem and mild to nitrous odor. This was the type species of the genus Eccilia, but since it is inside Entoloma, that genus name is not needed. We have a number of EU sequences, but it has not yet been proven from the PNW, despite reports. It could be that reports of this are really the very similar sister species E. nitriolens. Entoloma nitriolens EU(=Leptonia triviale OR, =Entoloma lactarioides Russia) - this sister species has long been confused with E. politum and many thought it was a synonym, but type sequences showed it is distinct. It was found twice in WA (once under cottonwood and alder), matching the type sequences. This species varies by 1.5% in ITS from E. politum (mostly in ITS2). David Largent, who described E. subpolitum, sees significant differences in these collections from that species (described next). Entoloma subpolitum WA - a very similar omphalinoid but with a striate stem and farinaceous odor. No sequences yet. Entoloma nitriolens © Richard Morrison and Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   Entoloma lividum group - possible yellow gills when young Entoloma grande NY - Largent thought that this was the white capped Entoloma lividum group member to be found in the PNW. There is conflicting information about whether or not the gills will be yellow when young. We don't have any DNA to compare to, so we need reliable east coast sequences and local collections. Entoloma subsinuatum ME - although never reported from the PNW, this turned out to be the sequence of a (probably) white capped BC collection in the Entoloma lividum group. The gills of this species were originally reported as white, but a modern study showed the gills are probably yellow when young. We need more collections to see if E. grande occurs here too, as the spore sizes overlap. Entoloma pseudolividum WA - this was described as our darker capped member of the Entoloma lividum group with yellow young gills but we have no DNA of it yet. It has been described as being much like E. flavifolium NY, which we do have DNA of. We need local collections.   Entoloma rhodopolium group, etc. Entoloma rhodopolium EU - usually farinaceous with roundish spores. Largent commonly reported six forms from the west coast, but we have not yet found DNA here that matches the EU neotype. Entoloma nidorosum EU (=Entoloma griseoavellaneum WA) - a closely related species but supposedly more likely to be nitrous smelling, but in practice almost cryptically similar. There was some controversy when the neotype was chosen, as they chose the arctic-boreal only species instead of the more widespread species. Many local sequences match this closely, but there is some variability in ITS. The type sequence of E. griseoavellaneum WA is also a close match. It seems to be rather pale capped, but the type collection of E. griseoavellaneum was darker, with an unusually fibrillose cap, and had a fragrant odor. Entoloma sp. 'griseum-PNW05' - this species, also farinaceous with roundish spores like E. rhodopolium, is the DNA that turns up most often in local Entoloma collections. That makes me wonder if collections of this are being mistaken for E. rhodopolium. We are not sure what the DNA of E. griseum looks like. Our DNA matches one of 2 possibilities so far, and may not be the right one. Rough spore measurements for our species are 8-9x7.5-8.5u and 8-9x6.5-9u. Entoloma sericatum EU - supposedly with a slight nitrous odor only when fresh, then farinaceous. We have dozens of EU sequences and BC and WA sequences that match fairly well, although there seems to be some variation in ITS, with some sequences with 3 ambiguous locations but still up to 3 locations different unambiguously between others (this is true both within the EU and within the PNW). The dirty type sequence of Entoloma myrmecophilum EU suggests it is the same species as this, but that species is blackish with a matted-felty cap. Entoloma svalbardense EU - one WA collection differs from the short type sequence by 1 bp and from a longer sequence that matches the type by 4 bp (in 3 places other than where the type sequence succeeded). Entoloma abbreviatipes WA (=Nolanea abbreviatipes) - with a short stem. It was originally described as a Nolanea, as it is smallish and without clamps, but the type sequences inside Entoloma instead, which I cannot yet explain. It can be a rather small species, but the photo of our one photographed collection (2 bp different than the type sequence, but not all of ITS was obtained) shows it as somewhat stocky like an Entoloma. The newer EU species Entoloma griseorugulosum has a similar type sequence, 3 bp and 2 indels different, one of the indels a long chunk. Entoloma borgenii Greenland - one OR sequence matches Noordeloos' official Greenland sequences within 3 bp. Not known before this from the PNW. Entoloma sp. 'IN4' - one WA sequence matches some east coast sequences. Entoloma lyophylloidium WA - one WA collection matches the 1948 ID holotype collection by Smith and includes a complete microscopic workup thanks to David Largent. Entoloma bisporigerum EU - one WA collection matches except for 5 ITS2 ambiguities. Entoloma bryorum EU - a small species (caps ~1cm across) in grass or moss. Found in BC. Entoloma sp. 'griseum-PNW05' © Daniel Winkler and Sharon Squazzo,     E. nidorosum © Ed Barge,     E. borgenii © Connor Dooley Entoloma sericatum (2 photos) © Richard Morrison,     E. abbreviatipes © Yi-Min Wang,     E. sp. 'IN04' © Yi-Min Wang Entoloma lyophylloidium © Kendra Dedinsky (2 images)   Especially large, stocky species. Entoloma lividoalbum EU (=E. saussetiense EU) - a quite stocky grey-brown capped species. There are so many similar species almost every collection sequences to a different species, but in 2015 Kokkonen thought he got a sequence of the real thing, and Brandrud agreed in a 2018 paper, so let's go with that. It's the same as the newer species E. saussetiense. We haven't found that DNA locally yet, but keep reading. Entoloma lividoalbum forma inodoratum CA - Largent described a local distinct form, forma inodoratum CA for collections lacking the farinaceous odor. However, stocky collections without an odor are turning out to be the older species E. majaloides, discussed next. He may have redescribed that. We need a type sequence to find out. Entoloma majaloides EU - this stocky species, without an odor, has ITS sequences that vary by >1%. It's probably all one species, but it's also possible there's more than one species in the complex that ITS can't sort out. This could be what collections of E. lividoalbum forma inodoratum actually are. Entoloma sp. 'lividoalbum-PNW02' - a probably somewhat farinaceous BC sequence is >1% different than E. lividoalbum. One WA sequence with no odor detected had too short a sequence to tell if it matched the BC sequence or EU sequences. It should be resequenced. Entoloma sp. 'lividoalbum-PNW03' - another very short WA sequence is different enough from any other known sequence that it may represent another species in this group. It too should be resequenced. Further studies are need to tell how many species are in this group here and what their proper names should be. Entoloma subsaundersii CA - a large, stocky species that may remain partially buried. We have a type area sequence that may represent this. We need local collections. Entoloma sp. 'lupinum-PNW04' - 1.5% different in ITS from the type sequence of E. lupinum. Two WA collections differ by 4 bp from each other, but by 11 bp from EU sequences. Entoloma sp. 'lividoalbum-PNW02' © Paul Kroeger,     E. sp. 'lividoalbum-PNW03' © Jan Agosti,     E. majaloides © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     E. sp. 'lupinum-PNW04' © William McCullough   Locally described so definitely present, but still little understood Entoloma griseoavellaneum WA - known only from the type collection, it has an unusually fibrillose cap and a fragrant odor. We need collections and sequences. Entoloma heracleodora WA - a smoky green capped Entoloma with a farinaceous and slightly celery odor. We need collections and sequences. Entoloma pseudocostatum WA - with interveined gills.   Poorly understood non-local species that have been reported here Entoloma alnobetulae EU - we have a very short, dirty type sequence, but hopefully that's enough to recognize it by. It's very similar to another short type sequence of Entoloma bisporigerum. We need local collections to confirm what the PNW reports of this are. Entoloma alpicola EU - formerly a variety of E. clypeatum. Different EU sequences are clearly different species, so I don't know what the DNA of this looks like. We need reliable EU sequences as well as local sequences to see what reports of this species really are. Entoloma brunnescipes CA - the stem discolours brownish-grey in age. There is one questionable report of this CA mushroom from Idaho. We need local collections to confirm its presence here, and also CA collections because we don't have its DNA yet. Entoloma clavaformipes FL - with a club shaped stem base. This FL mushroom was reported from BC but we need both FL and local collections to figure out what its sequence is and to verify that it does occur here. Entoloma myrmecophilum EU - with a blackish, matted-felty cap, although the dirty type sequence suggests it is the same as the non-blackish, non-felty E. sericatum.  There is one questionable rumour of it maybe being in WA, so be on the lookout for it. We have EU type area DNA to compare to, but it hasn't been found here yet. Entoloma speculum EU - supposedly with a very pale cap. every EU sequence of this is a different species so I don't know what the DNA looks like. Neither do we have any sequences of local collections.

Nolanea - click to expand Nolanea are small and slender (colybioid or mycenoid), smooth, lubricious capped species with grey or brown tones without clamps in the cap cuticle. They are very difficult to differentiate from each other without a scope. Entoloma are larger (tricholomatoid) and have clamps in the cap cuticle. One species may be omphalinoid, easily confused with Paraeccilia and the omphalinoid Entoloma politum group. The other sections on this page are more colourful or not smooth and lubricious. Species mentioned: Nolanea abbreviatipes, conica, bicoloripes, infula, californica, cetrata, clandestina, cuspidifera, edulis, farinogusta, fructifragrans, fusciceps, fusco-ortonii, hebes, tenella, leptopus, hirtipes, holoconiota, incanosquamulosa, latifolia, minutostriata, obscurata, occidentalis, seattlense, washingtonense, papillatoides, pseudopapillata, proxima, proxima forma inodorata, pseudostrictior, pseudostrictia, pusillipapillata, sericea, staurospora f. discoloripes, conferenda, staurospora var. incrustata, staurospora var. farinacea, strictior, subcapitata, solstitialis, subsolstitialis, substrictior, subviolaceoverna, verna, terrea, pygmaeopapillata, undatomarginata, undulata, verna var. isodiametrica. Entoloma cornicolor, leptotus, ortonii, propinquum, rhodocyclix, psammophilohebes, vindobonense. Pouzarella fernandae.   Entoloma abbreviatipes WA (=Nolanea abbreviatipes) - with a short stem, can be small like a Nolanea, and lacks clamps, but the type sequenced inside Entoloma, which I cannot yet explain. See that genus.   1. Omphalinoid - pale grey with few gills Entoloma rhodocyclix EU - a tiny, grey omphalinoid Nolanea , with far fewer gills than the Entoloma politum group and Paraeccilia. One WA and one OR collection match three UK sequences provided by Vila in a 2014 paper. I think it is in section Nolanea. Although Vila's paper couldn't place it definitively inside Nolanea (but his sampling was poor), my ITS tree shows it inside Nolanea. Entoloma rhodocylix © Connor Dooley     2. Spores angled so strongly they resemble a 4-pronged jumping jack. Farinacceous. Entoloma conferendum EU (=Nolanea conferenda, =Nolanea staurospora EU) - matching sequences have been found in BC and WA. Largent described (using the name N. staurospora) forma discoloripes from CA,  var. incrustata from WA, and var. farinacea from WA on the basis that all some collections have a stem that bruises brown in places instead of becoming entirely dark brown and tiny microscopic differences. The spores of this species are unusually star-like. The latter two varieties are said to grow in smaller groups (of 1-4 instead of 10 more more) and are now thought to be synonymous with each other. A BC sequence is only 1 bp different than EU sequences of N. conferenda, so I don't know that the different varieties are genetically distinct. We should sequence more collections matching the various varieties and the types. Entoloma conferendum © Anna Mladzyanovskaya and Yi-Min Wang (2 images)     3. Pruinose stem over 1/3 of the length, not just at the apex. (Spring, odorless). Entoloma holoconiotum ID (=Nolanea holoconiota, formerly PNW03) - spring, pale conical cap, odorless with a pruinose stem. We have many local sequences of a species that appears to match N. holoconiota, our most abundant spring species. Even though we have no type sequence to prove it, since this is the only species said to be pruinose over an extended portion of the stem, we have confidence that this is it. Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-PNW13' - but then we found a sister species in the spring, also with an entirely pruinose stem, also odorless. It can probably be differentiated by being more Mycena-like. Entoloma holoconiotum © Buck McAdoo,     Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-PNW13' © Heidi Hoelting (2 images)     4. Other non-farinaceous, at most faintly so. Entoloma infula EU (=Nolanea infula) - we have one OR and one CA sequence that match 11 EU sequences of N. infula. If those are labeled correctly, that species occurs here. Entoloma bicoloripes WA/Entoloma pusillipapillatum CA - N. infula itself was never reported from the PNW, but these are two locally described species in section Infularia. We need sequences of them to see how they fit in and if any are newer synonyms. It should be noted that the latter two are recorded as sometimes farinaceous. It should also be noted that a supposed synonym of N. infula, Nolanea chlorinosa, appears to have a chlorine odor, based on the epithet. Entoloma infula © David Largent   Entoloma clandestinum EU (=Nolanea clandestina var. clandestina) - we have dozens of EU sequences, but no local collections sequenced yet, which we need to see if our darker collections truly are the EU type variety. Nolanea clandestina var. oculobrunnea CA - with paler colours than the type variety, is 4% different in ITS and truly is distinct. We have CA and WA sequences. Nolanea clandestina var. oculobrunnea © Yi-Min Wang   Entoloma edulis CA (=Nolanea edulis var. edulis) - we have some CA collections purporting to be this, and one OR collection matches the sequence. Nolanea verna EU var. isodiametrica OR - our one sequence purporting to be this was the same as N. edulis var. edulis. We need to figure out what this really is. Nolanea edulis var. concentrica OR - usually a grass species with the cap olive grey and concentrically rivulose. Many collections do show a concentric indentation around the umbo, but they aren't always olive-grey. We don't have a reliable sequence of the type variety, but it is likely different enough that this will need to be elevated to species. Stay tuned. Entoloma vindobonense EU was recently described and only differs by 2-3 bp plus an ambiguous location or two. I am assuming they are distinct, but it doesn't matter as our name is older. One local collection is 4bp different from all the others, so I am looking to find that sequence again. Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-PNW10' - only 4 bp different in ITS from N. edulis var. concentrica, but quite distinct. It grows solitary in forests instead of in troops in grass. The cap may be paler, wavier and more striate. The stem may be paler and more striate. It is assumed, but not proven, to be not or only slightly farinaceous. Entoloma edulis © Ty Creelan (from OR) and Dean Lyons (from CA) Nolanea edulis var. concentrica © Buck McAdoo, Bitty Roy, Jonathan Frank and Yi-Min Wang Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-PNW10' © Yi-Min Wang (4 images)   Entoloma fuligineocinerum OR (=Nolanea latifolia) - we have the type sequence, and a few recent matching sequences. The lumpers had to give it a different name in Entoloma because Entoloma latifolia was taken. Nolanea latifolia © Gabriela d'Elia and Yi-Min Wang (3 images)   Entoloma subcapitatum WA (=Nolanea subcapitata) - this spring species is conical like N. holoconiota, and also without a strong odor, but the stem is longitudinally striate and not pruinose. We have a the type sequence and a number of matching WA sequences. One CA collection that keyed out to N. pseudostrictia was this species. That relationship should be investigated. Entoloma subcapitatum © Richard Morrison   Entoloma cornicolor Russia (=Nolanea proxima forma inodorata CA?) - a rather small mycenoid mushroom with a deeply translucently striate, beige to yellowish brown cap with contrasting dark centre, and a polished, almost waxy stipe. Overall, it is said to resemble Nolanea cetrata, below. Our OR sequence matches the holotype sequence, but it also appears to be a macro and micro match to Nolanea proxima, also known as Entoloma propinquum, which would be an older name. We don't have any sequences of that yet to know. Since E. cornicolor was described with little odor, I'm calling it a potential match to forma inodorata of Nolanea proxima. If it isn't, then we still need to get sequences and photos of N. proxima. Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-PNW11' - 5% different in ITS from N. cetrata, but with no discernable odor in our one WA collection. It was a small, pale mushroom with distant gills. Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-CA03' - BC and WA collections whose tree position indicates it's probably odorless. Some collections resemble N. pseudopapillata Guadeloupe. Entoloma cornicolor © Connor Dooley,     E. sp. 'Nolanea-PNW11' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   Entoloma strictius NY (=Nolanea strictior) - we have more than a dozen east coast sequences, but no local collections yet to prove it is here. Entoloma vernum EU (=Nolanea verna) - one BC collection matches many EU sequences, but see the next entry. Entoloma subviolaceovernum WA (=Nolanea subviolaceoverna) - with the type sequence only 2 bp different from more than a dozen EU sequences of N. verna, this may not be a distinct species. N. verna is said to have longer spores, so this relationship should be investigated. Entoloma vernum © Buck McAdoo   5. Distinctly farinaceous Entoloma fernandae EU (=Nolanea fernandae, =Pouzarella fernandae) - an unpleasant rancid farinaceous odor and a scurfy cap, which formerly placed it in Pouzarella, but we have a bunch of EU sequences that show us it is a Nolanea. One OR collection matches those sequences. Entaoloma fernandae © Connor Dooley   Entoloma cetratum EU (=Nolanea cetrata) - this is often found in the spring. It is not conical, and usually has a distinct farinaceous odor. Largent examined collections with 3 ranges of spore sizes and number of spores per basidia, and described forma mediospora from WA and forma minimospora from CA, but EU sequences of the type form, Russian and a half dozen PNW sequences of unidentified forms, and the paratype sequence of forma minimospora from WA all match within a single base pair, so I do not think the forms have any genetic significance. Entoloma sp. 'ID02' - one ID collection is close to N. cetrata. Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-PNW01' - three recent sequences (OR + WA) are a unique species, two of them found in grass, at least once in fall and once in spring. One collection was strongly farinaceous dried. Perhaps it is one of the below poorly understood species. Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-PNW12' - close to Nolanea cuspidifera EU, we have one WA collection and it smelled farinaceous when dried. Entoloma cetratum © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     E. sp. 'Nolanea-PNW01' © Tom Bruns (2 images) and Yi-Min Wang,     E. sp. 'Nolanea-PNW12' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   Entoloma hebes EU (=Nolanea hebes) - We have a dozen EU sequences all within 4 bp of each other, but we need local collections. Perhaps reports of this were really the sister species Entoloma leptopus. Entoloma leptopus EU - thought by some to be a synonym of N. hebes, but it is distinct, and one WA collection matches its official EU sequences, and not sequences of N. hebes. Perhaps reports of N. hebes in the PNW represent this instead. It does not have a name in Nolanea. Nolanea tenella is thought by some to be an older name, but it's unclear what that really is. Entoloma leptopus © Matthew Koons   Entoloma hirtipes EU (=Nolanea hirtipes) - a sharply conical cap, very long and slender stem that can stain brown, and strong rancid-farinaceous odor make this is an attractive, distinctive Nolanea. Some EU sequences match ours almost exactly, even though in the EU it is said to typically have a darker cap and not stain in the stem. Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-hirtipes-PNW14' - a unique but clean sequence at least 4 bp different in ITS from either other species in this group. Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-hirtipes-PNW02' - 6 bp different in ITS, but quite small in comparison. It still has the conical cap and very long stem, but has a strongly striate cap and fewer gills. It is only 4 bp different than Entoloma kristiansenii EU. Entoloma hirtipes © Yi-Min Wang,     E. sp. 'Nolanea-hirtipes-PNW02' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images) and David Largent   Entoloma brunneosericeum EU (=Nolanea incanosquamulosa WA) - we have the type sequence of N. incanosquamulosa and a recent matching sequence. The more recently described Entoloma brunneosericeum from the EU has an type sequence that only differs by 1 bp and may be a newer synonym. It is said to be found in prairie soils and may not be that rare, just overlooked. Entoloma brunneosericeum © Sadie Hickey   Entoloma obscuratum WA (=Nolanea obscurata) - we have the type sequence, but no photos yet. It is 3% different from Nolanea cetrata in ITS.   Entoloma sericium EU (=Nolanea sericea) - in grass, a dark robust species, umbonate, farinaceous. One WA sequence matches the EU epitype sequence, but I'd expect we'd have many sequences of this by now given how abundant it supposedly is. We should investigate how common it really is. Nolanea fusciceps WA - an ITS1 sequence of a 1925 collection that is the type (or might as well be) is 3 bp different than N. sericea, but distinct. It had been thought to be a synonym. One recent CA collection was photographed and sequenced, providing ITS2. Entoloma sp. 'CA27' - another closely related species in this group was found stocky like the others in CA, but more slender in WA. Entoloma sericeum (2 images) © Eric Chandler,     Nolanea fusciceps from CA © Julien Pometta,     E. sp. 'CA27' © Grace Stark (from CA) and Yi-Min Wang (from WA)   6. unknown odor so far Entoloma cuspidiferum EU (=Nolanea cuspidifera) - not previously known in the PNW, but one OR collection in sphagnum moss is a good match to that species and matches one EU sequence labeled by that name. A couple WA collections have sequences about 3 bp different from each other and the OR collection, so this complex should be watched to see if there is more than one species or variety. Entoloma solstitiale EU (=Nolanea solstitialis) - one WA sequence is 1 bp different than a trusted EU sequence. But see below Entoloma subsolstitiale WA (=Nolanea subsolstitialis) - Largent described this new species from WA as much like N. solstitialis, but did not report N. solstitialis from the PNW. We need the type sequence or other collections of N. subsolstitialis to verify that it is indeed different than N. solstitialis, given that we have found a local collection with DNA so close to N. solstitialis. Entoloma cuspidiferum © Connor Dooley,     E. solstitiale © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   Entoloma ortonii EU (=Nolanea terrea EU) - while most local sequences appeared to be a sister species, two WA collections are a good match for the real Nolanea terrea, although they look different. Reschki synonmized it with the older Entoloma ortonii, but that doesn't have an equivalent name in Nolanea. Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-terrea-PNW06' - two OR and one CA collection each have a sequence 5-7 bp and a couple of indels different than almost a dozen EU and ENA sequences of N. terrea. It was farinaceous. Entoloma pygmaeopapillatum EU - one ID collection has a unique look, this is in the N. terrea group. It doesn't have a name in Nolanea. Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-psammophilohebes-PNW08' - three OR sequences are between 3 and 6 bp different from the type sequence of Entoloma psammophilohebes. It looks different too, with the EU species a more typical Nolanea look, so ours might need its own name. Entoloma sp. 'CO01' - one eastern OR sequence matches a couple of CO sequences and is another species in this group. Entoloma sp. 'CA40' - one WA sequence matches some CA sequences of this species. Entoloma sp. 'CA16' - two WA sequences. Entoloma ortonii © Yi-Min Wang (2 images) and Matthew Koons,     E. sp. 'Nolanea-terrea-PNW06' © Yi-Min Wang (from WA) and David Largent (from CA),     Entoloma pygmaeopapillatum © Ed Barge E. sp. 'Nolanea-psammophilohebes-PNW08' © Jonathan Frank (2 images),     E. sp. 'CO01' © Ed Barge,     E. sp. 'CA40' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-conica-PNW07' - sequenced twice from WA, 4% different from the type of Entoloma alboumbonatum NC, which is thought to be a synonym of Nolanea conica. If that's true, ours is a probably a sister species. Entoloma lucidum UK (=Nolanea lucida) - one WA sequence is almost a perfect match and another is within 2 bp and 2 indels of the type collections of Nolanea lucida UK and its synonym Nolanea conicosericeum EU. The odor of Entoloma lucidum is described unhelpfully as "slight, farinaceous or rancid". Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-lucida-PNW09' - a single WA sequence came back 3 bp and 4 indels different from the ITS type sequence of Entoloma lucidum. Our one collection had a flat cap in age (ironic, since a newer synonym is Entoloma conicosericeum) with a dark centre. Entoloma sp. 'CA11' - one CA and one WA collection, this one is can be rather Mycena-like. The CA collection was odorless. Entoloma sp. 'WA02' - four WA collections, this is distinctive with a somewhat decorated stipe with a hint of blue-grey colours. Entoloma sp. 'TN04' - one WA collection. Several collections show it may or may not have decurrent gills. It is quite distant from other Nolanea.   Entoloma sp. 'Nolanea-conica-PNW07' © Yi-Min Wang,     E. lucidum © Yi-Min Wang,     E. sp. 'Nolanea-lucida-PNW09' © Yi-Min Wang,     E. sp. 'CA11' © Harte Singer and Yi-Min Wang     Little known species without any DNA yet. The ones described from the west are definitely here. Entoloma fructifragrans WA (=Nolanea fructifragrans) - unique sweet/floral fruity odor instead of the usual farinaceous or mild odor.   Not farinaceous Entoloma californicum CA (=Nolanea californica) - Entoloma fusco-ortonii CA (=Nolanea fusco-ortonii) - Entoloma minutostriatum CA (=Nolanea minutostriata) - Entoloma seattlense WA (=Nolanea occidentalis) Entoloma washingtonense WA - Nolanea papillatoides CA (=N. pseudopapillata Largent CA) -N. pseudopapillata was already taken (can you believe that?) so it had to be renamed. Nolanea proxima forma inodorata CA - see above, this seems similar to Entoloma cornicolor. Entoloma pseudostrictium CA (=Nolanea pseudostrictior, =Nolanea pseudostrictia) - when the name Nolanea strictia was corrected to N. strictior, some said this name should be corrected too. Nolanea undatomarginata CA (=N. undulata Largent) - the first name for it, N. undulata, was already taken so it was renamed.   Farinaceous Nolanea farinogusta EU - some think this is a synonym of Entoloma cetratum. Entoloma propinquum CA (=Nolanea proxima forma proxima) - The name Entoloma proximum was already taken, so the lumpers had to come up with a unique name in Entoloma. See above, this seems similar to Entoloma cornicolor.

Leptonia - click to expand These beautiful scaly capped, typically blue to purple-black mostly slender mushrooms are hard to distinguish from Cyanula, the group of Leptonias that turned out to be in a separate section. The true Leptonia are more likely to be found attached to wood, which does not as typically happen with Cyanula, which are more likely to be reported in grass. However, both genera are commonly reported from the forest floor. Also, Leptonia caps are usually the same kind of scaly throughout the cap, although the scales can be more concentrated on the disc. Cyanula caps can be scaly on the disc, but more fibrillose or even smooth towards the edge. Finally, unlike Cyanula, Leptonia usually have clamps in the cap cuticle. Thanks to Ben McCormick's 2021 bachelor's thesis that incorporated DNA, Leptonia are some of the best understood Entolomas in the PNW. Leptonia has only five local species that are not blue at least somewhere on the fruiting body. Species mentioned: Leptonia cyanea var. occidentalis, tjallingiorum var. laricinum, insueta, lampropus, subeuchroa, convexa, zanthophylla, occidentalis, occidentalis var. metallica, occidentalis var. fibrillosipes,  coelestina, subcoelestina, violacea, dichroa, subgracilis, triviale, violaceonigra, pleopodia. Entoloma austriacum, kauffmanii. Paraeccilia nucisapora.   Non-blue Leptonias Entoloma pleopodium EU (=Leptonia pleopodia) - this olive-yellow-brown species really resembles something in the 'Cyanula' formosa group and I do not yet know how to differentiate it. This too can have a striate, hygrophanous cap. A paper about Nolanea was published formally naming this odd section of mushrooms Ameides, now known as Leptonia section Icterina, and providing sequences of different species allowing us to match ours to Leptonia pleopodia. This section is sister to the rest of Leptonia and contains some non-blue mushrooms. You could even make an argument that because of that, these mushrooms deserve their own genus. Entoloma nucisaporum WA (=Paraeccilia nucisapora) - belongs in Leptonia section Icterina, this looks like a Nolanea with a sweet odor, but one collection has a blue-grey stem more reminiscent of Cyanula. We have the holotype sequence. It is found so far in CA and WA. Entoloma sp. 'PA08' (formerly WA05) - one short WA sequence may be the same as Entoloma PA08. It is in Leptonia section Icterina. Entoloma sp. 'Leptonia-PNW01' - this brown mushroom also looks like a Cyanula, but does not appear to have a striate, hygrophanous cap. However, it has a long, thin stipe and the gills are arcuate, which is distinctive. It is on the edge of section Icterina, or possibly in its own section. Entoloma triviale OR (=Leptonia trivialis) - is a Rhodopolia and discussed there, and probably a junior synonym of Entoloma nitriolens EU. Entoloma pleopodium © Danny Miller,     E. nucisaporum © David Largent (from CA),     E. sp. 'Leptonia-PNW01' © Connor Dooley   Non-slender species growing directly on rotten wood. Entoloma austriacum EU (=Leptonia tjallingiorum EU var. laricinum Russia, =L. cyanea var. occidentalis CA) - growing on rotten conifer wood, capable of being our largest Leptonia. The stem is fibrillose and the cap usually has some brown tones, at least around the edge. The gills are usually white. DNA showed that we do not appear to have the type variety of L. tjallingiorum in the PNW, but instead the very similar var. laricinum, although it does not necessarily grow with larch. Then it was discovered that variety needed elevation to species, but already had a species level name, as the holotype matched the holotype sequence of the older species Entoloma austriacum. L. cyanea var. occidentalis is also a newer synonym, sharing the same ITS DNA and had been tentatively separated out as a unique species based on slight differences in colour and odor. Entoloma violaceonigum WA (=Leptonia violaceonigra) - said to be a medium sized, pure blue species with bluish young gills growing on rotten wood. We do not have any sequences and need local collections. Entoloma austriacum © Andrew Parker, Jonathan Frank (2 images), and Jessica Javor.   These are exceptionally small species that are pure blue, growing on the ground. Entoloma coelestinum EU (=Leptonia coelestina) - a very small species (caps 1cm across and stems 1mm thick) with white young gills. It grows on the ground sometimes in moss or grass, not on wood. Rare clamps in the cap cuticle. We have Russian DNA of this EU species, but it has not been sequenced locally. We need collections. Entoloma subcoelestinum WA (=Leptonia subcoelestina) - very similar to L. coelestina, but with a blue tinge to the young gills. No clamps in the cap cuticle (but clamps are found elsewhere). We still do not have DNA of this species yet and need collections to show that it indeed is distinct from L. coelestina. Entoloma kauffmanii EU (=Leptonia violacea) - also very similar to L. coelestina, with white young gills and more abundant clamps in the cap cuticle. We do not have any sequences yet from anywhere to know what this is or if it really occurs in the PNW as reported. We need collections.   Somewhat slender species that are usually pure blue, growing on the ground. Entoloma dichroum EU (=Leptonia dichroa) - Ben's study found this species for the first time in the PNW. It is a slender species that has a granular or fibrillose bluish cap (not truly scaly) that is often a different shade of blue from the stem. It grows on the ground, not on wood. Entoloma occidentale OR (=Leptonia occidentalis var. occidentalis) - a somewhat slender species with a striking dark steel blue-black cap and stem without brown tones. The gills are usually bluish when young as well. It grows on the ground, not on wood. This variety has a bald stem and lilac young gills. We believe we now have ITS DNA of this very rare local species. Leptonia occidentalis var. metallica WA (=Leptonia occidentalis var. fibrillosipes WA) - this variety has a fibrillose stem and bluish-grey young gills. These two additional varieties were described based on slight differences in spore size and the fact that the former variety had a more iridescent stem, but a collection matching each had the same ITS DNA so the two varieties are being synonymized. Entoloma lepidissimum EU (=Leptonia lepidissima) - slender and all blue, like many Cyanula. Not known from the PNW until it was sequenced from WA.   Entoloma occidentale var. occidentale © Scott Loring and Drew Henderson Leptonia occidentalis var. metallica © Ben McCormick and Joe Matanzas,     Entoloma lepidissimum © Danny Miller   These species have at least a hint of brown or grey in the caps, which are not pure blue. Growing on wood or the ground. Entoloma subgracile WA (=Leptonia subgracilis, =Leptonia insueta WA?) - a slender species with a mostly brown cap perhaps with orange tones, and a dark blue stem with occasional black scales. It grows on duff or woody debris. We have the holotype sequence of L. subgracilis, and morphologically it strongly resembles Leptonia insueta. We need the type sequence of the latter to see if they are really the same or not. Entoloma subeuchroum OR (=Leptonia subeuchroa, =Leptonia convexa CA (=Entoloma largentii), =Leptonia zanthophylla WA) - a slender species with some red-brown tones on the disc only in age (the rim stays blue). The young gills are whitish and it may grow on wood or on the ground. This seems to be our least uncommon species. L. subeuchroa is described from mossy logs and L. convexa from soil, but numerous sequences from both substrates have the same ITS sequence. L. zanthophylla is like L. convexa but with pale yellow gills and some microscopic differences, but sequences of collections matching that description are also the same. Entoloma sp. 'NB03' - greyish-brown cap with no blue on the rim that is concentrically grooved, with the usual blue stem. It grows on humus not on wood. This morphologically resembles Leptonia subgracilis except our collection doesn't have the tomentose stem apex. However, it is no where near that type sequence. . Leptonia approximatum from northern CA differs only by more sharply angled spores and is to be look for here too.     Entoloma subgracile © Ben McCormick (5 images),     E. subeuchroum © Yi-Min Wang,     Entoloma sp. 'NB03' © A & O Ceska

Cyanula - click to expand Cyanula contains mushrooms similar to Leptonia, formerly placed in that genus/section. These colourful, scaly capped mostly slender mushrooms are hard to distinguish from Leptonia when they are blue. Other colours besides blue are typically not found in Leptonia. It should be noted that even brown Cyanula have interesting pigments that makes them recognizable and stand out as from among all the "ordinary" brown mushrooms of the world. Cyanula are typically found on the ground, sometimes in grass, whereas Leptonia are more often found attached to wood and aren't as often reported from grass. However, both are commonly reported from the forest floor. Cyanula caps can be scaly on the disc, but more fibrillose or even smooth towards the edge, whereas Leptonia caps are usually the same kind of scaly throughout the cap. Finally, unlike Leptonia, Cyanula don't have clamps in the cap cuticle. Species mentioned: Leptonia acutoumbonata, albida, albinella, anatina, asprella, atrifucata, badissima var. badissima, badissima var. longisporum, caesiocincta, chalybea, coacta, decolorans, decolorans forma cystidiosa, earlei, exalbida, exilis, foliocontusa, formosa, formosa var. microspora, fuligineomarginata, gracilipes, grisea, incana, lividocyanula, microspora, nigrosquamosa var. californica, ovatospora, parva, pseudobulbipes, rectangula, rosea var. marginata, rostrata, serrulata, sodalis, striatula forma farinacea, strictipes, subnigra, subrubinea, subviduensis, subviduensis var. marginata, trichomata, turci, umbilicata, undulatella. Entoloma hesleri, subfurfuraceum, squamatum, nigroviolaceum var. striatulum, unbiliciforme.   Blue cap and stem Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-serrulata-PNW07' complex - blue/black marginate gill edges like the EU species Cyanula serrulata, but we have DNA of that and this is not it. This species has been collection with varying levels of gill margination - not at all, marginate only near the rim and entirely marginate. It has also been collected both on wood (unusual for Cyanula) and not on wood. All sequences have practically identical ITS. Perhaps the amount of margination is environmental and not genetic. Does C. serrulata occur here too, as reported? It hasn't been verified so far. C. caesiocincta below has a mostly brown cap and marginate gills. Some collections differ by 5 bp in ITS from the others. However, only 2 of those differences are completely distinct. One collection has 3 ambiguous locations with both values in 3 of the 5 places that differ. The collection with ambiguous locations could show that it is all one species, however, it could also show that there are 2 species and it is a hybrid of the two, since there is a clear distinction - all members of the first clade have the same value in each of the 3 ambiguous locations, and all members of the second clade have the other value. It is not random. Entoloma rectangulum CA (=Entoloma atrifucatum WA, formerly 'Cyanula PNW04') - we have the holotype sequences, and they are a close match even though they weren't thought to be in the same section. Both names have equal priority. This species lacks the strongly coloured gill edges (but a slight gill margination should be investigated as a couple photos appear to show that and it is closely related to C. serrulata). Unlike other Cyanula, it was found growing on rotten wood in 2 of the first four collections. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-PNW05' - one WA and one OR sequence are unique, and were incorrectly labeled Leptonia convexa. This species appears to have a blue cap with brownish black tones in places. Photographed from CA. Entoloma sp. 'CA07' (was PNW08) cf atrifucata WA/cf foliocontusa CA/cf striatula forma farinacea WA (=Entoloma nigroviolaceum UK var. striatulum TN forma farinacea WA) - four OR collections, with at least one of each of these three names, had the same sequence. It is not known which species they actually are (or if it's none of the above). All three have been locally reported and we need reliable collections of each of them, except we now have the holotype sequence of Leptonia atrifucata and it's not this. We may know what C. foliocontusa is, and it's also not this. It is described below under "brown capped species". Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-PNW06' - one OR sequence, misidentified as C. rectangula. I don't know what it looks like. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-corvina-PNW12' - a unique sequence from WA, a sister species to Entoloma corvinum EU. It is so well decorated it almost looks like a Leptonia. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-corvina-PNW15' - another species in this group (differing mostly in ITS1) is striking. One collection from OR. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-corvina-CA14' - another species in this group. Other CA sequenced collections show blue on the cap and stem when fresh, but these colours seem to fade as our one WA collection is brown. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-serrulata-PNW07' (on rotten wood) © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     E. rectangulum © Steve Ness,     E. sp. 'Cyanula-PNW05' © Christian Schwarz E. sp. 'Cyanula-corvina-PNW12' © Matthew Koons,     E. sp. 'Cyanula-corvina-PNW15' © Connor Dooley,     E. sp. 'Cyanula-corvina-CA14' © Steve Ness (2 images)   Brown cap, blue stem Entoloma perasprellum EU - WA and OR collections that had a striate cap match the holotype sequence of Entoloma perasprellum. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-PNW09' - not all photos looked like the same species, one was striate and entirely orange, but most resemble the photos and seem less striate than E. perasprellum. It is known from BC through CA. Entoloma callipygmaeum Russia - doesn't have a name in Cyanula. One WA collection in a black muck bog and another CA collection have a brown pleated cap with a dark disc and a dark blue stem (darker than the others). It seems rather a delicate species. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-PNW13' - one ID collection. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-PNW14' - one BC collection matching a CA collection. Several other CA collections have similar, but distinct ITS and morphology and may represent more species in this group. 'Leptonia' nigrosquamosa var. californica CA (='Leptonia' foliocontusa CA var. discolor CA?) - relatively stocky, the scaly cap starts out with dark violet tones but fades to brown, retaining darker scales. We have WA and CA collections of L. foliocontusa var. discolor, with white young gills. The sequences match the type sequence of L. nigrosquamosum var. californica, so they may be the same. We need type sequences of all of the varieties of both species. Entoloma sp. 'CA48' - a similar species found in WA and CA. Entoloma sp. 'foliocontusa var. discolor x CA48' - some sequences appear to be a hybrid of these two species, with one allele of each. In the tree they collapse with the former species. 'Leptonia' foliocontusa CA var. caeruleotincta CA - similar with blue young gills. No DNA yet. Entoloma perasprellum © Sharon Squazzo,     E. sp. 'Cyanula-PNW09' © Matthew Koons (2 images),     E. 'Cyanula-PNW13' © Ed Barge Entoloma callipygmaeum © Steve Ness (2 images),     E. sp. 'Cyanula-PNW14' © Luke Mikler,     'Leptonia' nigrosquamosum var. californica © Steve Ness   Orange/brown cap and stem Entoloma formosum EU (=Leptonia formosa) - perhaps not umbilicate, so far as seen. EU and ENA and WNA sequences all seem to agree what this species is. One ID collection was bright, bright orange! 'Leptonia' formosa var. microspora CA - with smaller spores, the type still needs to be sequenced to see if it is genetically distinct from the type variety. It's possible it could be PNW10 or PNW11. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-formosa-PNW10' -  One OR sequence differs by 3% in ITS1 but very little in ITS2. I need to check the spore size. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-formosa-PNW11' - One OR sequence differs by >3% from the others. At (9.6) 10.2 - 11.3 (12.3) × (5.8) 6.7 - 8 µm, the spores seem to match var. microspora. Entoloma sp. 'formosum-CA01' - two sequences from WA (and many from CA) are 3% different from the others. The spores seemed roughly the same size as in Cyanula formosa, and it perhaps can be umbilicate. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-PNW01' - smaller than C. formosa and umbilicate. Not all photos of this species looked the same, one had a brown cap and blue stem and should be double checked. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-PNW17' - a tan translucent striate cap and a white to pale orange stem, with some scales on the cap. We used to think this was C. exalbida, but the holotype sequence showed it isn't. Entoloma exalbidum CA (=Leptonia exalibida) - reported from the WA, but so far those collections turned out to be Cyanula PNW17. We have the holotype sequence. Entoloma sp. 'Cyanula-PNW16' - another striate cap species known from one OR collection. Entoloma avellaneosquamosum TN (=Leptonia avellaneosquamosa) - known in the west from one WA collection in a high elevation meadow, matching ENA type area collections that seem to be this. It has scales that blacken, and when dried the whole mushroom blackened. Entoloma sp. 'CA35' - one WA collection Entoloma formosum © Yi-Min Wang,     E. sp. 'Cyanula-formosa-PNW10' © Connor Dooley,     E. sp. 'Cyanula-formosa-PNW11' © Jordan Gates E. sp. 'formosum-CA01' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     E. sp. 'Cyanula-PNW01' © Buck McAdoo and Yi-Min Wang E. sp. 'Cyanula-PNW17' © David Largent (from CA) and Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     E. sp. 'Cyanula-PNW16' © Connor Dooley,     E. avellaneosquamosum © Steve Ness   Species reported from the PNW without local DNA yet (unnamed species above could be one of these. All species are currently named Leptonia and/or Entoloma)   Green stem Entoloma incanum EU (=Leptonia incana) - we have EU and ENA sequences that match, but no local DNA yet.   Pink cap and stem Entoloma sp. 'WA06' - one WA collection might represent one of the below species. The gills were not marginate. 'Leptonia' rosea ENA? var. marginata WA - we need the type sequence and collections. Entoloma subrubineum CA (=Leptonia subrubinea) - reported from the PNW   Blue cap and stem Entoloma chalybeum var. chalybeum EU (=Leptonia chalybea) - I have official EU sequences to compare to and we haven't found this DNA here yet. 'Leptonia' decolorans NZ forma cystidiosa TN - we need sequences. 'Leptonia' decolorans NZ var. tomentosipes CA - we have the type sequence, but we don't have a type sequence of the type variety, so I don't know if this is the same as Leptonia decolorans NZ, or if it is a variety as currently named, or if it needs elevating to species. We have matching sequences from OR and WA, but no local photos, just photos from CA. Entoloma parvum NY (=Leptonia parva) - 'Leptonia' subviduensis CA var. marginata CA - see below Entoloma yatesii CA (=Leptonia yatesii) (=Entoloma diversum CA?, =Entoloma subviduensis var. subviduensis CA?) - the type sequence of Leptonia subviduensis CA turned out to be the same as fairly reliable sequences of the older Leptonia diversa CA, and of a sequence purporting to be the even older Leptonia yatesii. These synonymies should be investigated. So far only sequenced from CA, but reported from the PNW.   Almost black cap and stem 'Leptonia' subnigra FL - Entoloma trichomatum WA (=Leptonia trichomata) - no ITS   Brown cap, blue stem Entoloma caesiocinctum EU (=Leptonia caesiocincta) - black marginate gill edges, cap mostly brown with some blue on the rim. One Kokkonen sequence may represent this. Entoloma acutoumbonatum WA (=Leptonia acutoumbonata) - Entoloma anatinum EU (=Leptonia anatina) - we have one short purported sequence that might be from the UK to compare to Entoloma asprellum EU (=Leptonia asprella) - we have 2 competing sequences, maybe from the UK, as to what this might be Entoloma coactum WA (=Leptonia coacta) - Entoloma gracilipes MA (=Leptonia gracilipes) - Entoloma lividocyanulum UK (=Leptonia lividocyanula) - Entoloma rubrotinctum EU (=Leptonia microspora) - Entoloma sodale EU (=Leptonia sodalis) -   White species (easily confused with Alboleptonia, but those have clamps in the cap cuticle which is composed of entangled hyphae instead of erect hyphal hairs) Entoloma hesleri NC (=Leptonia albida) - this belongs in Alboleptonia, even though it was described without clamps in the cap cuticle. Entoloma albinellum NY (=Leptonia albinella) - a Brandon Matheny TN sequence purporting to be this is inside Cyanula, but a 1972 Smith collection is inside Alboleptonia.   Orange/brown cap and stem Entoloma fuligineomarginatum NY (=Leptonia fuligineomarginata) - reddish brown, the others are mostly brown, but an "interesting" brown. Entoloma badissimum var. badissimum WA - 'Leptonia' badissima var. longisporum WA - Entoloma exile EU (=Leptonia exilis) - no ITS, but other genes might be available Entoloma subfurfuraceum Cuba (=Leptonia earlei Cuba) - Entoloma squamatum NY (=Leptonia grisea NY) - Entoloma ovatosporum (=Leptonia ovatospora) - Entoloma pseudobulbipes WA (=Leptonia pseudobulbipes) - Entoloma rostratum WA (=Leptonia rostrata) -  Entoloma strictipes MA (=Leptonia strictipes) - Entoloma turci EU (=Leptonia turci) - EU + Asia + NA sequences seem to match, no local sequences yet Entoloma umbiliciforme NY (=Cyanula umbilicata NY) - Entoloma undulatellum NY (=Leptonia undulatella) -

Alboleptonia - click to expand Slender, all white mushrooms. It was thought that Cyanula could be all white, lacking clamps in the cap cuticle, and without a cap cuticle of entangled hyphae but instead with erect hyphal ends. But some white Cyanula may belong in Alboleptonia as well. It's not completely settled yet. There doesn't seem to be much overlap between EU and NA species. Species mentioned: Alboleptonia earlei, ochracea, sericella var. lutescens, adnatifolia. Leptonia albida, albinella.   Entoloma adnatifolium CA (=Alboleptonia adnatifolia) - we need to figure out what this is, it's an old name and probably applies to one of these species. Entoloma sp. 'Alboleptonia-PNW01' - usually with a somewhat fibrillose cap. It is said to discolour yellow, our least uncommon species is said to be A. sericella var. lutescens EU, but a sequence of what is probably our most common species does not match a couple of EU sequences purporting to be the type variety of A. sericella. This probably means that our species needs a new name. Alboleptonia adnatifolia CA is a name that is currently assumed to be a synonym of A. sericella, but perhaps it is the correct name for this or another of our Alboleptonias. Entoloma sp. 'WA03' - appears to yellow as well. Known from one WA collection. Entoloma subochraceum WA (=Alboleptonia ochracea) (was 'Alboleptonia PNW02') - said to discolour orange-brown. We have the holotype sequence and many matching collections. It is also possible that this is a newer name for Alboleptonia adnatifolia CA. Entoloma sp. 'Alboleptonia-PNW03' - one WA collection is almost 1% different in ITS from A. ochracea. Entoloma sp. 'IN23' - known only from ENA until an OR sequence showed up. The collections show that it starts out white but can discolour like A. ochracea, and could possibly be that species. 'Leptonia' albida NC (=Entoloma hesleri NC) - the type sequence shows this belongs in Alboleptonia, even though it was described without clamps in the cap cuticle. It was reported from Mt. Rainier, WA. Entoloma sp. 'Alboleptonia-PNW05' - a Brandon Matheny TN sequence purporting to be Leptonia albinella NY is inside Cyanula, but a 1972 Smith Idaho collection of Leptonia albinella NY is inside Alboleptonia. Smith might not have identified it correctly, so I'm giving it a code name. Alboleptonia sericella var. lutescens EU - since there is not much overlap in species between the EU and NA, it's likely reports of this represent something above instead, especially if this is the same as the type variety, as that has a neotype sequence and has not been found here. Entoloma murrillii Cuba (=Alboleptonia earlei) - said to remain white and not discolour. We have no sequences at all yet from anywhere, nor any photos. It has been reported from WA and ID, but species are usually geographically isolated so it's not clear what was found here.   Entoloma sp. 'Alboleptonia-PNW01' © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     A. ochracea © Yi-Min Wang (2 images) Entoloma sp. 'Alboleptonia-PNW03' © Matthew Koons,     Entoloma sp. 'IN23' © Steven Russell (from IN) and Connor Dooley (from OR)

Prunuloides (Madida) - click to expand AKA Entoloma section Madida. A large, viscid, blue, farinaceous Entoloma., our largest blue species. Our second largest blue species, Entocybe nitidum, is not viscid. The cap and stem are usually blue, but the colour may fade in age to brown, making it hard to identify. Rarely, it seems to fruit lacking any blue pigmentation even from the start. Entocybe is near this clade in multi-gene studies, and even some robust ITS only trees. This would mean one could consider Prunuloides and Entocybe as a single genus or section if one wanted to. See that section for more details. Species mentioned: Entoloma bloxamii, medianox, madidum, caesiolamellatum   Entoloma medianox CA - still officially in the genus Entoloma. Previously this has incorrectly been called Entoloma bloxamii and Entoloma madidum, which are similar EU species that have not been found here. California has a second species that is also blue in the gills, a sister species of the EU species 'Entoloma' caesiolamellatum, which should be looked for in the PNW. unsequenced Entoloma medianox © Noah Siegel,     Entoloma medianox © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History

Entocybe - click to expand Entocybe nitida has a beautiful blue opaque cap and stem. It is medium sized with a dry cap and little odor, smaller than the large Prunuloides (which has a viscid cap and stronger farinaceous odor) but larger than the many blue Leptonia and Cyanula. Entocybe trachyospora complex members are smaller with a pointy translucent cap, and may have a hint of blue in the cap and a bent, silver-blue, striate stem. When all the blue is faded it is difficult to separate from Nolanea, and when it hasn't, it is difficult to separate from Leptonia and Cyanula. Entocybe is near Prunuloides in multi-gene studies, and even some robust ITS only trees. This would mean one could consider Prunuloides and Entocybe as a single genus or section, if one wanted to. The Europeans split this big clade into sections Madida (=Prunuloides), Turfosa (part of Entocybe) and Vinaceum (the other part of Entocybe). Species mentioned: Entocybe nitidum, trachyospora. Rhodocybe speciosa.   Entoloma nitidum (=Entocybe nitida) - local collections from BC and WA match EU DNA. Entoloma trachyosporum WA complex (=Entocybe trachyospora) - although four varieties are described with varying amounts of blue, all ITS DNA so far is basically identical. If you find a collection of a variety that is not represented here, save it so we can see if any of the varieties have unique DNA. They have not all been systematically tested yet. Entoloma sp. 'Entocybe-PNW01' - a surprise sequence on oak from OR is a new species in this genus. It was then found again in WA, also on wood. It seems to be more striate than the others, but will be easily confused with Cyanula and Leptonia. Entocybe speciosa WA (=E. sp. 'speciosa-ID01') - originally a Rhodocybe. It is tricholomatoid with a hygrophanous brown, non-striate cap and a light yellow to pale orange stem, growing on wood. The spores are only angled in polar view, which is why it was originally placed in Rhodocybe, but now it is known that Entocybe spores can have that character too. OR and ID collections are 6 bp apart, with different cap colours as they were in different stages of drying out, but as no other differences were noted, they are being considered the same species for now. Entoloma nitidum © Yi-Min Wang (2 images) ppppppppppppppppppppp Entoloma trachyosporum © iNaturalist user mdziak, Danny Miller and Yi-Min Wang (2 images) Entoloma sp. 'Entocybe-PNW01' © Mike Potts and Colin Meyer

Claudopus (Paraeccilia) - click to expand Claudopus contains the oyster style Entolomas on wood with strongly and obviously angular spores, such as C. byssisedus. (Clitopilus contains the pink spored oyster mushrooms with more subtly angled spores). Claudopus also contains omphalinoid mushrooms like C. undatus. It turns out that Paraccilia is a synonym of Claudopus and should not be a genus/subgenus of its own. The odd "galled" parasite Entoloma abortivum is also inside Claudopus. Species mentioned: Claudopus byssisedus, byssisedus var. microspora, parasiticus. Paraeccilia minutissima, nucisapora, perundata, rusticoides, sericeonitida var. sericeonitida, sericeonitida var. ligniphila. Entoloma abortivum, cremeoalbum, undatum.   Entoloma byssisedum EU (=Claudopus byssisedus, formerly Entoloma sp. 'byssisedum-PNW01') - a farinaceous, fibrillose little brown oyster with an overlying whitish to greyish fibrillose layer, with tufts of rhizomorphs at the base of the eccentric stem. Our WA sequence matches the epitype sequence. It seems genuinely whitish, so we should consider that more species may be hiding here under that name and get more collections. Entoloma parasiticum EU (=Claudopus parasiticus) - supposedly the fibrillose little grey oyster species that grows on chanterelles from a white mycelial mat, but we have no idea yet what its DNA looks like. We need local collections with large spores (see the smaller spored E. pseudoparasiticum below). Entoloma pseudoparasiticum EU (=Entoloma byssisedus var. microsporus EU?) - has a brown cap and smaller spores than the above two species. Two collections from OR match the holotype sequence of E. pseudoparasiticum EU, and also some sequences of E. byssisedus var. microsporus. This may also be that species, but that name should not be used as E. pseudoparasiticum is too distant in ITS to be a variety of E. byssisedum. Perhaps this is also the proper identity of our local collections of C. parasiticus and our local spore size has not been properly checked. One was growing on a chanterelle, as expected, but the other was just a fuzzy white mycelial mat on a Suillellus (no fruiting bodies). Entoloma sp. 'OR01' - so far only known as a white fuzz on truffles like Tuber and Balsamia. Entoloma sp. 'WA04' - a few WA collections are a fuzzy dark brown capped oyster. Entoloma byssisedum © Andrew Parker,     Entoloma psseudoparasiticum on a chanterelle and as fuzz on a Suillus © Jenny Lippert and Jonathan Frank   Entoloma cremeoalbum EU - an omphalinoid mushroom described from grasses but found once in OR in sphagnum moss. It is a slightly pinkish, pale omphalinoid. Sequences of the very similar Entoloma neglectum EU are almost identical to the type sequence of E. cremeoalbum. It should be ruled out that that is not an older name for E. cremeoalbum. Entoloma undatum EU (=Paraeccilia sericeonitida var. ligniphila ID) - The ID holotype sequence is 2 bp and 3 ambiguous locations different in ITS than EU sequences of E. undatum, so I believe they are the same. Before the holotype sequence, one modern ID collection was 5 bp different from EU type area sequences of Entoloma undatum. It is as a dark omphalinoid with a slightly eccentric stem. Entoloma cremeoalbum © Connor Dooley,     Entoloma undatum © Ed Barge   Entoloma abortivum New England - recognized by some odd gall-like fruit bodies and some regular fruit bodies, the regular fruitbodies having decurrent gills. This species appears to interact with Armillaria, probably parasitically. One OR sequence matches an east coast sequence so it seems we do have this species here, but it probably needs to be moved to Claudopus. Entoloma abortivum regular and odd form © Jonathan Frank   Entoloma rusticoides EU (=Paraeccilia rusticoides) - no sequences yet from anywhere to verify reports that this species occurs here.   The following are locally described and therefore do occur here, but we need sequences of all of them to verify what genus they are in and that they are all distinct. Entoloma washingtonicum WA (=Paraeccilia minutissima) - Entoloma nucisaporum WA (=Paraeccilia nucisapora) - this turned out to be in Leptonia section Icterina. Entoloma perundatum CA (=Paraeccilia perundata) - not exactly locally described, but it has been reported from ID.

Pouzarella - click to expand Small, conical, fibrillose, usually unpleasant smelling mushrooms that resemble dark Nolaneas. The stem base is usually strigose. Microscopically, the cap hyphae have incrusted, thickened, brownish walls.   Species mentioned: Pouzarella alissae, fernandae, fulvostrigosa, versatilis.   Entoloma sp. 'Pouzarella-versatilis-PNW01' - while it had a sequence unlike other sequences with this name, this collection from BC was originally identified as P. versatilis. It's unknown if reports of that EU species are represented by this sequence, or if that species should still be looked for. Entoloma araneosum UK (=Pouzarella fulvostrigosa) - there is no DNA data yet. We need collections. Entoloma fernandae EU (=Pouzarella fernandae) - it turns out this scurfy capped unpleasant smelling species is a Nolanea and is covered there. Entoloma sp. 'Pouzarella-PNW02' - seems to be our greyest species (not brownish). It was sequenced from OR and WA. Entoloma alissae CA (=Pouzarella alissae) - previously only known from CA, but now sequenced from OR. Entoloma sp. 'Pouzarella-PNW03' - known from a single WA collection. Entoloma sp. 'Pouzarella-versatilis-PNW01' © Steve Joya,     E. sp. 'Pouzarella-PNW02' © Matthew Koons and Connor Dooley,     E. alissae © Connor Dooley Entoloma sp. 'Pouzarella-PNW03' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)

Trichopilus - click to expand Scaly/fibrillose caps, characters also found sometimes in Inocephalus, Rhombisporum, and Pouzarella, but Trichopilus have distinctive cap cystidia not found in those other genera. Some Trichopilus were discovered to belong in Undulatosporum. Species mentioned: Trichopilus fuscotomentosus, jubatus, plebeioides.   Entoloma jubatum EU (=Trichopilus jubatus) - reported but not confirmed Entoloma fuscotomentosum EU (=Trichopilus fuscotomentosus) - and ID collection turned out to be this, not the reported species. Entoloma sp. 'Trichopilus-PNW01' - a Trichopilus sequenced from WA doesn't yet match any known species.   Entoloma plebeioides EU (=Trichopilus plebeioides) - belongs in Undulatosporum. It has been reported but not confirmed from the PNW. One possible collection of T. plebeioides was sequenced from CA, matching an unconfirmed sequence from Lebanon. Entoloma sp. 'Trichopilus-PNW01' © Matthew Koons (2 images)

Caeruleopolitum, Cocles, Inocephalus, Rhombisporum, Undulatosporum, Velenovskyi, etc. - click to expand Some have fibrillose caps, perhaps having what is referred to as a scummy disc (Pouzarella and Trichopilus caps also have fibrillose/scaly caps). Inocephalus is not monophyletic, those species may represent more than one section. Species mentioned: Inocephalus appressus, azureus, cremeoluteus, cystomarginatus, fabaceolus, furfuraceidiscus, minimus, minutopilus, perfuscus, rhombisporus, rigidipus. Entoloma cocles, davidlargentii, moliniophilum, pratulense, undulatosporum. Leptonia fuscata, lutulenta. Trichopilus plebeioides.   Cocles - may be sister to Rhombisporum Entoloma fuscatum CA (=Leptonia fuscata) - holotype DNA shows that this species and Entoloma cocles are basal to Rhombisporum, meaning it's unclear if they should be part of Rhombisporum or a separate genus/section. For now I treat them separate. They are usually very dark species with blackish-brown fibrillose caps and grey stems (although a CA collection is tan coloured like Rhombisporum rigidipus below). Microscopically, these two species have heterodiametric spores, meaning they are not "roundish" like true Rhombisporum species, but "elliptical" with a length/width ratio of >1.25 (but the angles on the spores complicate things and make words like "round" and "ellipse" not really apply). Previously, no species was known closer than 18% different in ITS from E. cocles, until this species showed up, only differing by 10-12%. It was found in WA. Entoloma davidlargentii (=Inocephalus minimus CA) - known only from CA so far. Entoloma sp. 'OR02' - grey to dark brown with decurrent gills. Found in ID and OR. Entoloma fuscatum © Buck McAdoo   Rhombisporum Entoloma rigidipus CA (=Inocephalus rigidipus, formerly 'Rhombisporum PNW02') - WA and CA sequences are clearly inside Rhombisporum. They match the holotype for Inocephalus rigidipus CA. Entoloma pratulense EU - one WA and one CA collection matching reliable EU sequences. Entoloma rhombisporum EU (=Inocephalus rhombisporus) - we have a neotype sequence, and it is the type species of section Rhombisporum. It was reported throughout the PNW, but no local DNA yet. Entoloma cremeoluteum CA (=Inocephalus cremeoluteus) - known only from CA so far Entoloma spp. 'CA03', 'CA04', 'CA05', 'CA06' - only known from CA so far.   Entoloma rigidipus © Fred Rhoades,     E. sp. 'CA03' © David Largent (from CA)   Caeruleopolitum Entoloma minutopilum WA (=Inocephalus minutopilus) - the cap was described as almost black, but our photos show different. We have a type sequence, and it is 5 bp different than the type sequence of Entoloma mirum, which has been synonymized with the older E. juniperinum, so it is closely related to that species, although there are differences in colour and texture. It is in section Caeruleopolitum. Entoloma minutopilum © Matthew Koons   Undulatosporum (Entoloma section Erophila) - quite variable in stature but usually darkly coloured with a depressed cap center. The spores are somewhat nodulose like some Inocybe in the way they are angled. Entoloma undulatosporum EU (=Inocephalus furfuraceidiscus ID) - the holotype sequences match. Entoloma sp. 'CA26' - known from one ID collection in the PNW. Entoloma sp. 'Erophila-ID01' - two ID collections Entoloma lululentum CO (=Leptonia lutulenta ) - the holotype sequence shows it belongs in subgenus /Undulatsporum. It was reported from ID. Entoloma plebeioides EU (=Trichopilus plebeioides) - this Trichopilus belongs in Undulatosporum. It has been reported but not confirmed from the PNW. One possible collection of T. plebeioides was sequenced from CA, matching an unconfirmed sequence from Lebanon. Entoloma undulatosporum © University of Oslo,     Entoloma sp. 'CA26' © Ed Barge   /Velenovskyi - mycenoid Entolomataceae sp. 'PNW10' - a small species that appears to be in this section. Entolomataceae sp. 'PNW11' - also appears to be in this section. It is similar to 'Inocephalus' perfuscus and has a dark olive cap (especially the striations) and olive stem. Known only from a single OR collection. Entoloma perfuscum WA (=Inocephalus perfuscus) - Not known since the holotype until it was found in CA. Entolomataceae sp. 'PNW10' © iNaturalist user fungi_fanatic,     Entoloma perfuscum © Mandy Hackney (2 images from CA) and Dean Lyons (2 images from CA)   Unknown Entoloma cystomarginatum CA (=Inocephalus cystomarginatus) - we have the holotype and a paratype sequences. It also appears in a genus/section of its own in my ITS tree and also needs multi-gene study to place it properly. So far only known from CA. Entoloma moliniophilum EU - an omphalinoid with tibiiform cheilocystidia. It was originally placed in Paraleptonia (==Claudopus), but ITS places it in a genus/subgenus by itself. We need more genes.   Uncertain The following species have been described from the PNW and therefore definitely exist here, but without any DNA data on them yet, I don't yet know their proper genus/section, or even if they are all unique genetic species. It's possible one of the above unnamed species represent reports of one of the following: Entoloma appressum WA (=Inocephalus appressus) - Entoloma azureum WA (=Inocephalus azureus) - Entoloma fabaceolum WA (=Inocephalus fabaceolus) -

Back to Main Menu