Amanita section Lepidella - click to expand

Rare in the PNW. Sometimes not easily recognized as Amanitas, this may be the most basal section of Amanita, before they became mycorrhizal and before they developed strong universal veil material. The universal veil may simply be a mass of cottony tissues that makes the mushrooms look fluffy, until it washes off. They are mostly white mushrooms. Some species can be recognized by being found far away from trees (in grasses, marshes or desert areas), as they are the only Amanita that are not mycorrhizal. For this reason, this section has sometimes been referred to as a separate genus, Saproamanita. Amyloid spores.

Species mentioned: Amanita pruittii, armillariiformis, prairiicola

Amanita pruittii OR - Found in very wet marshes away from trees. It usually has a spindle stem like A. smithiana but is not usually as tall. It was described near Eugene Oregon and also found a number of times in California, but generally rare in the PNW.

Amanita pruittii © Christian Schwarz

Amanita armillariiformis OR - This rare spring species is found in dry, grassy areas in eastern Oregon and Idaho, as well as Alberta and Colorado. It has a tall, Armillaria-like shape and some salmon pinkish tones. Not usually warty.

Amanita armillariiformis © R E Tulloss

Amanita prairiicola KS - This similar rare high desert species is more likely to have cap warts, and doesn't have pinkish tones. It was described from Kansas and is better known from the central US, but has been found in eastern Oregon.

Amanita prairiicola © R E Tulloss

Amanita section Roanokenses - click to expand

Also not easily recognized as Amanitas, they may represent the second most basal lineage, where Amanita became mycorrhizal (all subsequent sections are mycorrhizal), but before developing strong universal veils. The universal veil may simply be a mass of cottony tissues that makes the mushrooms look fluffy, until it washes off. They are mostly white mushrooms, and some are deadly poisonous. (Don't confuse Amanita smithiana with Matsutake. That could be a deadly mistake!) The toxins found here are not the same as in the Death Cap, these toxins may "only" destroy your kidneys, not both your liver and your kidneys. Amyloid spores.

Species mentioned: Amanita smithiana, magniverrucata

Amanita smithiana WA - This pure white mushroom with cottony universal veil material that easily washes off has a tall, spindle shaped stem that gets wider then narrower. No obvious volva. Potentially deadly poisonous. Common at least in BC, Washington and Oregon. ITS can vary by 1% or more within this species.

Amanita silvicola OR - A shorter and squatter non spindle shaped similar species turns out to be in section Validae, not section Lepidella. This explains why it surprisingly did not appear to have the same poisons as A. smithiana. See section Validae for a full report.

Amanita smithiana © Kit Scates Barnhart,     A. silvicola (section Validae) © Kit Scates Barnhart

Amanita magniverrucata CA - This tall, stately species has some seriously giant warts all over the cap and stem that seem attached are not easily removable until the mushroom is old. Described from California with pine (and oak), but rare up here, found once near Portland.

Amanita magniverrucata © Ron Pastorino

Amanita section Vaginatae - click to expand

The so-called "grisettes" that lack a partial veil and have a sac for a volva (universal veil). None are known to be poisonous. Note that many poisonous species are in sections with poorly developed veils that look veil-less, but those poisonous species don't have a sac volva and usually have amyloid spores. Conversely, A. velosa is in this section but sometimes appears to have a partial veil. These have brown or grey striate caps. This is the most poorly understood section of Amanita in the PNW. Inamyloid spores.

Species mentioned: Amanita constricta, pachycolea, fulva, sp-NW04, sp-NW11, sp-OR01, sp-OR02, castellae, velosa, populiphila, alaskensis, friabilis, protecta, sp-OR03, obconiobasis, subnigra, lindgreniana, pahasapaensis, vaginata, vaginata var alba, sp-NW05, sp-NW09, sp-constricta04, coryli, minnesorora n.p.

Some of the species that occur in the PNW in this group are not generally well understood. Sometimes the sac volva is white, sometimes it is grey (maybe only on the inside) and sometimes it has rust coloured stains. I have not yet been able to determine how any of these features indicate species yet, as they do not appear to be consistent. Even whether or not the cap is grey or brown does not always help indicate what species you have, as many species are found with both colours.

We do not seem to have the poorly understood Amanita vaginata in the PNW. But everytime a species is found that does not exactly match A. constricta or the A. pachycolea group (and does not match the description of one of the more distinctive, rare, species below) it is usually mislabeled A. vaginata for lack of a better name.

Click on the name of the species, when possible, to bring up the page for that species on Rod Tulloss' excellent world-wide Amanitaceae site, www.Amanitaceae.org

Some common vaginata-like species - click to expand These species are some of the most common (if still confusing) vaginata-like species. Species mentioned: Amanita constricta, pachycolea, fulva, sp-NW04, sp-NW11, sp-OR01, sp-OR02, sp-constricta04, castellae, vaginata   Amanita constricta CA - This is a grey or brown capped species where the bottom of the volva is constricted against the stem, but other species may also have this feature, so I do not know how to identify it versus some other undescribed local species mentioned below. It was described from California and its DNA has also been found in WA and BC so far. This species has an albino form (apparently many Vaginatae do). Amanita 'sp-constricta04' - Found twice in OR and twice near Victoria, BC, this is a sister species that cannot yet be differentiated except by DNA. Amanita constricta © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     A. 'sp-constricta04' © James Holkko and Marty Kranabetter   Amanita pachycolea CA group - This is a group of large species, described with a large unconstricted sac volva, but other undescribed species have these features too, and specimens in this group have been found with constricted volvas as well. It was described from California. We have three genetic species in the west, about 3% different in ITS from each other. Amanita 'pachycolea NW04' - the most common one, found so far in OR, WA and BC. Amanita jakeslandingensis n.p. (WI02) - a second species has been found in northern BC, Idaho + Wisconson. Amanita 'pachycolea MX' - found in Mexico. Lacking a type sequence for A. pachycolea, I am assuming for now that it is sp-NW04, but I'm not sure. Amanita 'pachycolea NW04' © Sharon Squazzo,     A. jakeslandingensis n.p. © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History   Amanita castellae n.p. - described as possibly being paler than A. pachycolea (light to medium brown, but sometimes dark brown) with a darker ring around the cap near the inside of the striations. Found in WA, OR, CA, and AZ under Douglas fir. One specimen did not resemble its description at all. Amanita PNW07 - a closely related species found once in OR Amanita castellae n.p. © Jonathan Frank and © Aaron Cena (unsequenced),     A. PNW07 © Heather Dawson   Amanita 'vaginata OR01' - usually orange-brown capped, usually with at least a slight umbo and an at least partially constricted, white volva. They seem to be associated with spruce and/or pine. Amanita 'vaginata OR02' - no known way to tell it apart from OR01 yet. Differs by 1% or less in ITS, but shows up as a distinct clade. Amanita 'vaginata OR01' © Danny Miller (2 images),     A. 'vaginata OR02' © Buck McAdoo and Lauren Ré   Amanita 'fulva NW11' - This species is found in WA, OR, BC, and AK so far. It is usually brownish and rather slender, with a paler rim, a prominent umbo and a normal, white, non constricted sac volva that may have rusty stains. It is a sister species to the European Amanita fulva (which is also found back east, but not here out west) and our distinct species has incorrectly gone by that name. Some collections are uniformly grey, unfortunately, making them very, very hard to ID. It's not uncommon for caps of one species to be quite variable in colour (brown or grey or even white). Amanita 'fulva NW11' © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History, Shannon Adams, Danny Miller, and Autumn Anglin

Rare but distinctive species - click to expand These species are all rare, but distinctive enough to be recognizable in most cases, or at least not confused with the multitude of "constricta-pachycolea" lookalikes. Species mentioned: Amanita velosa, populiphila, alaskensis, friabilis   Amanita velosa CA - This bright brown capped species often looks like it has a hint of a partial veil. It is very common in California with oak and can also be found in southern Oregon with oak, but it is rare in the PNW. Our Oregon sequence is 3bp and 1 indel different from California sequences I have so far. I am assuming there is only one species, but that needs to be verified. Amanita velosa © Daniel Winkler   Amanita populiphila KS - This Kansas species with a tan cap and a stem that may widen is found in Idaho under Populus. Amanita populiphila © Michael Beug   Amanita friabilis EU - a powdery grey species, resembling Amanita ceciliae UK, and somewhat reminiscent of A. farinosa, but with warts remaining on the cap. Rod used to consider North American material to look sufficiently different (even though ITS is the same) that it might need a new name, Amanita alaskensis n.p., but further investigation showed there is not much difference and we don't need a new name. Amanita friabilis © Buck McAdoo and Sava Krstic (2 images)

White vaginatae - click to expand These species are either normally white, or have been found in their albino form only so far. For some reason, it is common for species in this section to have an albino form. Interestingly, we have not found a grey/brown and a white form of the same species yet, although they commonly exist. They are currently difficult to tell apart without DNA. Species mentioned: Amanita protecta, sp-OR03, obconiobasis, vaginata var alba, pahasapaensis n.p., sp-NW09, coryli, minnesorora n.p.   Amanita protecta CA - This always very pale grey, stocky species may also leave warts on the cap. The volval material stains a rusty colour, and the volva is an indistinct area of patches instead of a sac. Described from California under willow, it has also been reported with willow and oak and cottonwood in southern Oregon. We need PNW sequences to verify its presence, as similar local species exist below. Amanita 'vaginata OR03' - A similar pale, stocky species with an indistinct volva with rusty stains was found once in Oregon. We do not know if it is always white. Amanita obconicobasis n.p. - Another always white (although some veil material seems pigmented in some photos), stocky species, but this one can usually be told by an upside cone of tissue under the base inside the volva, and that part of the volval sac can be carried up by the cap leaving tissue hanging off the margin of the cap as if there was a partial veil. Its DNA has been found in CA and WA under oak. Amanita protecta © Noah Siegel,     Amanita 'vaginata OR03' © Richard Tehan,     Amanita obconicobasis n.p. © Michael Beug   Amanita PNW05 - a squat species found once near Eugene with a volval patch on the cap and a small, somewhat constricted sac-like volva that stained. It is not known if this species is always white or not. Amanita cf pahasapaensis n.p. - This is a large always white species, first collected in SD and NM, and also found in WA, although one WA collection may have been grey (this needs to be double checked). It has a thin, non-constricted volva, spores (9.1-)10.5-14.0(-15.2) and no clamps at the base of the basidia. Amanita PNW05 © Scott Clarke (2 images),     Amanita pahasapaensis n.p. © Brian Luther (2 images)   Amanita 'vaginata NW09' - a very pale species with a texture of kid leather. It is known only from one Oregon collection, J. E. Lindgren 9705. We don't have its DNA, so we can't prove it's unique from the others on this page, but the kid leather texture suggests we give its own provisional number. Amanita coryli EU - one interior BC sequence is very close to the type of A. coryli, a normally grey species where an albino form is commonly found. In fact, Rod Tulloss' site only lists two examples of what the original white collection, Amanita vaginata var. alba might be, and this is one of them. Another species with slightly closer ITS is Amanita minnesorora n.p., with slight differences, so Rod Tulloss is reserving the right that it may end up being a distinct species, and if so, has a name proposed. It has not been reported in albino form yet, but Shannon Berch found a grey collection in BC that Rod tentatively ID'd as A. minnesorora n.p. and not A. coryli. If these are indeed the same species, then we have found both a grey and an albino form of this species in BC. Matching DNA was also found in a WA collection that was a stockier specimen. Amanita 'vaginata NW09' © Janet Lindgren,     A. coryli © Mitch Milgram and Michael Beug

Poorly understood vaginata-like species - click to expand Easily confused with members of the first vaginata-group, and not much is known about them yet (including how rare they are or are not). They are included preliminarily for completeness. Species mentioned: Amanita subnigra, lindgreniana, sp-NW05   Amanita 'vaginata PNW12' - One collection had a cap with a metallic colour and sheen, and both collections had white stems. It was of modest proportions. Known from Oregon. Amanita 'vaginata PNW12' © Danny Miller and iNaturalist user eckawahill   Amanita 'vaginata PNW13' - This one had an especially brown cap, and an orange stem. The sequence was dirty in places so we'll want more sequences to be sure that it actually represents a distinct species and of its place in the tree. Found once in Oregon. Amanita 'vaginata PNW14' - Found once in Idaho. Amanita PNW06 - found twice in OR. It has a very distinctive striate rim area, and the sac stains rusty orange. Amanita 'vaginata PNW13' © Stephen Russell,     Amanita 'vaginata PNW14' © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     A. PNW06 © Joseph Cohen   Amanita subnigra n.p. - This usually dark brown capped species is known from eastern North America and twice from Idaho. Only 2bp different than A. lindgreniana n.p. (next) but to be considered a separate species. Amanita lindgreniana n.p. - This large species also has a dark cap, at least in the disc, and a white, somewhat constricted volva that may turn rusty. It is known from Washington, Oregon, California and Montana. Amanita subnigra n.p. © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     Amanita lindgreniana n.p. © Sava Krstic   Amanita 'vaginata NW05' - easily confused with A. constricta (and possibly the A. pachycolea group and others). We don't have any DNA yet, but microscopic differences have been noted that could indicate it is a separate species. It is a grey-brown species with large white volval patch sometimes left on the cap, the volva sometimes with rusty stains. It is known from 3 collections, one of the CA paratypes of A. constricta, an Oregon collection J. E. Lindgren 9317 and a Washington collection Buck 193#17. No DNA yet, but here's a photo. Amanita 'sp-NW05' © Janet Lindgren

Amanita section Phalloideae - click to expand

This group contains mostly deadly poisonous species. Nothing you can do to these mushrooms will remove the poison (a cyclopeptide called amatoxin) and prevent them from killing you if you eat them. They are recognized by the sac volva (as if the mushroom is sitting in a sac), usually bulbous stem, usually a non-striate cap and partial veil. (But both the volva and the partial veil can fall off). The universal veil breaks to let the mushroom out but usually does not leave any material on the cap. Amyloid spores.

Species mentioned: Amanita phalloides, ocreata

Amanita phalloides EU - The "death cap" has a yellow to yellow-green cap, although albino versions of this and many other Amanitas have been found. You are more likely to encounter this introduced European species in urban areas, like someone's yard or a city park with exotic trees (oak, chestnut, hazelnut) or perhaps under our native Garry oak. It's becoming more common in our cities as the years go by, but fortunately still rare in the wilderness of the PNW (although it has escaped to the wilderness of California, where their native trees are closer to its preferred European trees that it is used to).

This one species is responsible for about 80% of the serious poisonings and deaths from mushrooms in North America. It should be the first mushroom everybody here learns.

Amanita phalloides © Danny Miller

Amanita sp-ocreata01 group - These species are pure white, giving them the name the "Destroying Angel". Amanita ocreata is a California species, and we seem to have additional species in the west too: the genetic species best matching the type collection has been found once in California, during the 1998 NAMA foray. "sp-ocreata01" has been found in Oregon and California, and "sp-ocreata02" has been found in California. These collections were pure white but are more closely related to Amanita phalloides than they are to Amanita ocreata. More study is needed, but they are usually rare species here, found in the lowlands with hardwoods.

Amanita 'sp-ocreata01' © Joanee Schwartz

Amanita section Caesareae - click to expand

The so-called "coccoras" or "caesars". These Amanitas are considered edible, but can very much resemble deadly poisonous species. Recognized by a sac volva and a partial veil (just like the deadly poisonous A. phalloides and often similarly coloured) but typically with a more striate cap, non-bulbous stem and thicker sac material that tends to leave one giant eggy patch on the cap. They can get quite large. These are fairly rare in the PNW, unlike the deadly poisonous A. phalloides which is becoming more and more common in urban areas. Inamyloid spores.

Species mentioned: Amanita calyptroderma, lanei, calyptrata, vernicoccora, calyptratoides

This section is named after the famous Caesar's Amanita, the bright orange Amanita that was allegedly one of Caesar's favourite foods, so legend has it he decreed that only he was allowed to eat it and anybody else caught doing so was put to death. Locally, they mostly prefer oak but occasionally conifers.

Amanita calyptroderma CA - This quite large fall species has a bright yellow-orange cap. It grows with oak but possibly many other trees. It is found rarely in Oregon, Washington and BC under Douglas fir. There have been attempts to call it Amanita lanei or Amanita calyptrata, but those names were never legally published for one reason or another so the correct name for it is Amanita calyptroderma.

Amanita vernicoccora CA - This quite large spring species has a dull yellow cap. It is also a California oak species rarely found in Oregon and Washington with oak and perhaps Douglas fir.

Amanita calyptroderma © Steve Trudell,     A. vernicoccora © Michael Beug

Amanita calyptratoides CA - This species is also described from California under oak, but has been found a couple of times in southern Washington under oak too. It has a more plain brown cap than the other species, is not quite as large, and has a stem that sort of appears water soaked, even when it isn't, and a ring that tends to "dissolve" and so older specimens may appear to be a grisette and belong in section Vaginatae. A very pale almost pure white albino version of this was found and sequenced near Trout Lake WA. The short sequence matched this very well.

This species (and A. tlaxcandela from Mexico) are in their own subsection. I don't get strong support in my ITS only tree for them being part of section Caesareae, but a 2014 3-gene study showed they are with very high confidence.

Amanita calyptratoides © Cindy Trubovitz

Amanita section Validae - click to expand

Continuing the reputation of bizarre properties in Amanita, this section contains species with hemolytic properties when raw - in other words, they make red blood cells explode, at least in a Petri dish. Recognized by an abrupt bulb at the stem base and usually a coloured partial veil. Parts of these species usually turn red when handled (blush) although one albino species has no colouring nor discolouring whatsoever. Amyloid spores.

Species mentioned: Amanita augusta, franchetii, aspera, porphyria, novinupta, cruentilemurum, rubescens, orsonii, spissa, excelsa, citrina, sponsus, silvicola, sp-NW10

Amanita augusta CA - Somewhat resembling a "Panther" Amanita in section Amanita (brown cap with warts) but the warts and the ring on the stem are bright yellow, the stem base is either bulbous or with scales like A. muscaria instead of a collar, and the base of the stem may stain a bit reddish in places. This mushroom has often been incorrectly called Amanita franchetii and Amanita aspera, similar mushrooms from Europe.

Amanita augusta © Steve Trudell

Amanita porphyria EU - Grey or brown cap, grey partial veil, chevron pattern on the stem and subtle blushing on an abrupt stem bulb. Local sequences match EU sequences.

Amanita porphyria © Steve Trudell

Amanita silvicola OR - A pure white, short, squat, and cottony species. It was thought to be closely related to A. smithiana (because of its white colour, cottony universal veil and poorly defined ring), but its sequence places it here. This explains why it did not end up having the same toxins as A. smithiana. It does have the marginate bulb of section Validae when young, but that can quickly deteriorate. It does not have the usual coloured partial veil of section Validae, but it's not unusual for white species to lack pigment everywhere (for instance, the white version of Amanita chrysoblema ('muscaria') has pure white warts instead of the yellowish warts that the other colour forms have). It does not blush red either. It is common at least in BC, Washington and Oregon.

Amanita silvicola © Kit Scates Barnhart

Amanita novinupta OR - A small, mostly white, strongly blushing species found under oak and conifers. Found in spring. Its name means "blushing bride".

Amanita cruentilemurum n.p. - Practically identical to A. novinupta, but usually found in the fall with more elongated spores. Also found with oak and conifers. Its name means "bloody ghost". It has been found in California and New Mexico, and turned up once on southern Vancouver Island, so it's very rare up here so far.

probable Amanita novinupta © Noah Siegel,     A. cruentilemurum n.p. © Bob Chapman

Amanita cf rubescens EU - Another strong blusher, but this time usually with a brownish cap when young instead of pure white. Its warts are usually a little more pronounced, whereas A. novinupta's warts may appear as soft, cottony patches. Reported under various conifers and hardwoods. Our local DNA is sometimes an exact match but sometimes 1-2 bp from European sequences that could be Amanita rubescens, which probably means it is the same species, but a unique species was described from India (Amanita orsonii) with only 3bp differences so I can't say for certain if we have the real thing or only 1 species. We do need confirmation that the European sequences I'm comparing to, which Rod calls Amanita sp-rubescens02, are in fact A. rubescens. The photographed collection has not been sequenced, but seems to match other collections that have been sequenced.

Amanita cf spissa EU - This brownish-grey capped species does not readily blush. There will be red stains around insect tunnels, but the stem won't strongly stain from handling nor will the flesh stain strongly after cutting like A. rubescens will. It can be told apart from Amanita augusta, another species that does not stain strongly, by the greyish white veils without any yellow. It is more closely related to A. augusta than it is to A. rubescens. It was found once with exotic trees in Vancouver BC (reported under conifers in Europe) and is assumed to be rare here. As to its identity, other collections with the same DNA as ours have been identified in Europe as the European Amanita spissa, but in the absence of a type sequence that is not a guarantee. The older European Amanita excelsa is said to be a synonym, but collections identified as A. excelsa in Europe have different DNA than our collections, so perhaps there really are two species, and the one found here is actually Amanita spissa. If not, it is a closely related species. For now, Rod is calling it Amanita sp-rubescens01.

Amanita cf rubescens © Paul Kroeger,     A. cf spissa © Paul Kroeger

Amanita sponsus n.p. - this California oak mushroom was recently sequenced under WA and OR oak. It is a stocky club shaped mushroom with a very subtle volva, staining slowly brownish but not red, but most distinctively, has coarse brown warts textured into the white cap.

Amanita sponsus n.p. © Bruce Newhouse

Amanita 'citrina NW10' - A very pale yellow capped species with a prominent bulb, resembling Amanita citrina of Europe. Known only from one collection in the Olympic Mountains of WA, but this photo of a similar collection from a spruce-hemlock forest in Haida Gwaii, northern BC seems to resemble it. We will see if that is what this is. If not, then what is it? No DNA yet.

Amanita 'citrina NW10' © Paul Kroeger

Amanita section Amanita - click to expand

None of the above characteristics. Universal veil may leave warts on the cap. Volva is often concentric circles or a collar. Most mushrooms in this group are poisonous as well as hallucinogenic, in a way entirely different from "magic mushrooms" (Psilocybe). The most common symptoms after ingestion are vomiting and other gastrointestinal distress, delusions of grandeur, temporary coma-like state and amnesia. The toxins are water soluble. Inamyloid spores and in fact, this is the only section with inamyloid spores that are poisonous.

The unique furry grey Amanita 'farinosa PNW04' with no visible veils is in a unique subsection apart from all the others and you might think it was a section Roanokenses member except for the strong pigment in the cap.

Species mentioned: Amanita muscaria, muscaria var. formosa, muscaria var. guessowii, muscaria subsp. flavivolvata, muscaria var. alba, chrysoblema, aprica, pantherina, gemmata, junquillea, pantherinoides, praegemmata, umbrinidisca, ameripanthera, breckonii, pacifigemmata, pseudobreckonii n.p., alpinicola, farinosa, aurantisquamosa

Amanita 'farinosa PNW04' - This grey, powdery Amanita with little evidence of a volva or partial veil (making it easily confused with section Vaginatae) is in a different subsection than all the other PNW section Amanita species, and you could argue it is unique enough to deserve its own section. The real Amanita farinosa from Europe and/or Eastern North America is slender and the cap is striate. Our west coast species, also called A. farinosa sensu Thiers but in need of a new name, is stockier and therefore does not have many striations in the cap (striations usually come from thin flesh allowing the outline of the gills to be visible near the rim of the cap). Even though we don't have reliable DNA of the "real" A. farinosa to compare with, it is universally accepted that our DNA is going to be different because our species is unique.

Amanita 'farinosa PNW04' © Kit Scates Barnhart

Amanita muscaria EU
Amanita 'muscaria PNW03'
Amanita chrysoblema MI (Amanita muscaria EU misapplied)

Amanita muscaria (red cap, white warts, European photo) © iNaturalist user naomimoriyama1,     Amanita 'muscaria PNW03' © Alice Kam and Yi-Min Wang

Amanita chrysoblema (red, orange, yellow, and white forms) © Steve Trudell, Steve Trudell, Janet Lindgren, and Steve Trudell

These are the famous Alice In Wonderland/Mario Brothers mushrooms with colourful caps (red, orange, yellow or white) with pale, removable warts on the caps from the universal veil, or "egg" that the mushroom appears to hatch out of. They have a series of concentric rings as a volva near the base of the stem.

Read this paper by Geml more more information about the discussion below.

Amanita muscaria EU - Geml clade II - the true Amanita muscaria is uncommon in the PNW, usually found under introduced trees with almost pure white warts. It is found commonly across Europe and Asia and Alaska, but uncommonly has been found (so far) as far south as Vancouver BC. Unlike our common local species, discussed next, the real Amanita muscaria is usually red. European literature seems to speak of non-red colours, like the yellow A. muscaria var. formosa EU, only rarely. I would be interested in sequences of non-red actual Amanita muscaria picked locally. Keep reading.

Amanita 'muscaria PNW03' - Geml clade II/A - only in the PNW do we so far find some sequences that differ by 4 bp in ITS from all the rest of the true Amanita muscaria found worldwide. Like A. chrysoblema below, it differs in being with native trees, having yellowish warts, and it can come in red, orange or yellow (so far, and presumably white). It may have a white or coloured partial veil. Could this be A. muscaria var. formosa EU? That is a yellow form but I cannot verify that this sequence is found in Europe since the close proximity to A. muscaria (4 bp) makes it hard to research. Also, PNW03 is not always yellow. It seems to clearly be distinct from var. muscaria, but I have no idea how to tell it apart from the far more abundant A. chrysoblema, described next.

Amanita chrysoblema MI (Amanita muscaria misapplied) - Geml clade I - a lookalike of 'muscaria PNW03' found throughout NA, our abundant spring and fall ubiquitous species found under native conifer and hardwood trees can be red, orange, yellow or white and usually has creamy yellowish warts (except the white form which usually has no pigment in the warts either). ~95 out of 100 collections or so will be this species, not one of the other two. All colour variations have the same ITS, and are also the same in the other genes used in Geml's multi-gene study (Beta tubulin, LSU, and EF1 gamma). This strongly suggests all colour forms are just that - colour forms and not different varieties.

What to call our abundant species is somewhat of a puzzle. It may be too genetically distant from A. muscaria to be considered a variety (we'll need a multi gene study that includes more species to find out). What I am calling Amanita chrysoblema (Geml clade I from NA) splits itself into four subclades in the multi gene analysis by Geml, but ITS is basically the same in all four subclades so my trees do not distinguish the four clades. Do we think of them all as the same species or do we think of them as four varieties? I do not know, but here is how they work out:

1. (Geml I#1) - from NE NA (eg. Newfoundland and NJ)

2. (Geml I#2) - from AZ and Mexico

3. (Geml I#3) - from CA and Mexico (although subsequenctly it was found in NY)

4. (Geml I#4) - from NE NA (eg. MA, NY), PNW and Alaska

Geml I/A is another clade from ENA only that is distinguishable in ITS and most other genes.

Geml V, VI and VIII are 3 more clades of mushrooms from California.

Now that we know the genetic species, let's look at all the names we have, and then try to match up the genetic species with the names.

Amanita muscaria var. formosa EU 1800 - yellow European collections go by this name. We've used this name for our yellow collections too, but as the same DNA is not yet found in both NA and the EU for a yellow collection, I don't think we can use this name for our yellow collections until somebody is able to confidently to provide a type sequence. Collections of Geml clade I, only known from NA at the time of the study, have subsequently been found in Russia near Scandinavia, but not near the type area of Switzerland, so I still doubt that this name can be used for any of our mushrooms. It's conceivable that PNW03, if it occurs in Europe, could be this.

Amanita muscaria var. guessowii E. CAN 1933 - yellow or orange forms from eastern Canada. Being a local NA name, this is a much better choice of name than var. formosa for our yellow or orange collections. However, does it represent clade I or clade I/A? Most people who thought they found this found clade I/A, which is not in the PNW, but some found clade I, which is. So until we get a type sequence, I can't say if this is the correct name for our abundant mushroom or not. Even if it is, it may need promoting to species.

Amanita muscaria subsp. flavivolvata CA 1958 - a west coast name for the red capped form. However, does this represent clade I, V, VI or VIII? Nobody knows. If it represents clade I, then this might be a valid name for our abundant mushroom, although, again, it may need promoting to species.

Amanita muscaria var. alba NY 1897 - ENA white forms. Peck said to call ENA white forms by this variety name, but I can't see that he actually formally published the name or designated a type, so we can't know what this actually is. I suppose it's either clade I or clade I/A, just as var. guessowii must be one of those two. If it is clade I, it could be a valid name for our abundant mushroom, but as it is poorly designated, it might be best to avoid it.

Amanita chrysoblema MI 1918 - ENA white forms. Is this clade 1 or clade 1A? Well, Rod Tulloss, examined an Idaho collection in clade I#4 and said it was the best microscopic match to A. chrysoblema. He subsequently analyzed a collection from ME and said it best fit A. chrysoblema. If Rod is right, then A. chrysoblema is both in the PNW and the NE, which implies it belongs to clade I#4, which means it would be a valid name for our abundant mushrooms. It is also a species level name, and would not need changing at all. It is also the oldest local name (except for var. alba which seems to be too confusing to keep using), so even if the other varieties turned out to be the same thing, this oldest name would win out. Even if it is decided that the four subclades of clade I need different names, A. chrysoblema seems to refer to clade I#4, which is the PNW clade. This seems to me the best fit to our mushroom, so for now, I am calling it A. chrysoblema.

Reasons why I could be wrong and our abundant mushroom is not Amanita chrysoblema:

1. It might refer to clade I/A (but Rod knew about clade I/A and chose something from clade I as the most likely candidate). We'll need a type sequence to prove it.

2. A multi-gene study might determine that all of these can be varieties of A. muscaria. That could be a good thing. It would be nice to consider these all varieties of muscaria and not independent species each with their own name. (How many species will we end up with?)

3. Somebody might get type sequences and discover that var. guessowii or var. flavivolvata do actual represent our mushroom. Then they might decide to petition to get A. chrysoblema, even though it is an older name, removed from the race on the basis that it represents a rarer form (white) than the other colours, which are more common.

But I do believe that once a name is settled upon, it should apply to all four colour forms. And evidence does seem to point to the fact that that name is A. chrysoblema.

Amanita aprica WA - This similar spring species is usually apricot yellow, with something between concentric circles and a collar at the base of the stem, and has a characteristic look like you ironed the warts into the cap. It was described from Washington and we have sequences from BC and CA.

Amanita aprica © Steve Trudell

Amanita pantherina/gemmata group - These similar mushrooms can also be found in spring and fall, have yellow or brown caps (a slightly different shade of yellow than A. muscaria and A. chrysoblema sometimes have) and a collar volva instead of concentric rings. We do not have either of these European mushrooms in the PNW (neither A. pantherina nor A. gemmata), but here's what I have been able to determine about what species we do have. It should be noted that a recent European study showed that A. gemmata may actually just refer to A. muscaria, so even in Europe they may start calling their yellow 'gemmata' species A. junquillea.

Amanita pantherinoides WA (=ameripanthera n.p.)

Traditionally, it was thought that brown capped species were the "panther" species, and yellow capped species were the "gemmata" species (covered next), but that's not the way it works out for the two most common species in the Seattle area. Amanita pantherinoides is yellow to brown, stocky, with persistent warts on the cap. Our most common "gemmata" species, Amanita pacifigemmata n.p., below, is usually yellow, slender, and has warts that easily wash off, although some of our less common "gemmata" species might be confused with yellowish A. pantherinoides.

Amanita pantherindoides © iNaturalist users loather and cyndean

In Mycologia Volume 4 from 1912, Murrill listed all the known Amanitas on the west coast. Not a lot was known back then, so there are of course many species missing, but I imagine it is likely that the species he does include are common species here. Here are the species he described from Seattle that could represent A. pantherina/gemmata type species:

A. praegemmata - cap only to 6cm, persistent warts, honey-avellaneous (grey- to pinkish- brown) to dark honey on the margin, white partial veil, stem 1.5cm thick, volva attached rim.

A. pantherinoides - cap thick, small numerous warts, honey to dirty cream with brown center, white partial veil, stem 2cm thick, volva entire or undulate free rim

A. umbrinidisca - cap fleshy drying thin, large irregular patches, honey to straw w/umber disc, white partial veil, stem 1-2cm thick, volva sub-entire free rim

In 1977, Jenkins studied the types microscopically and synonymized A. pantherinoides and A. praegemmata, saying they were likely the same thing, our local panther species, with A. pantherinoides being the older name (it was published one paragraph earlier than A. praegemmata). He did not even consider A. umbrinidisca, because he thought it represented a very different kind of Amanita, but subsequently, others have figured it probably is similar to, if not the same species as the others. When we sequenced a couple dozen or so Seattle area A. pantherina like species, they were all the same species (we only have one common species).

What does this mean? If we assume that Murrill did not find something exceedingly rare that has not been found since (and at the same time somehow avoided finding the very common species), and if we assume that Jenkins was right and at least two of his species are the same, I believe Amanita pantherinoides is the correct name for our common local panther species. I cannot rule out the fact that one of Murrill's species might be a local gemmata-like species. One is very common, so why doesn't it appear in his list? Another theory is that "stocky gemmata CA01" might be A. umbrinidisca. But for now many in the mycological community have decided to assume that all three are the same and they refer to our panther-like species.

Amanita ameripanthera is another name that is being put forward for our common local species, based on the fact that it is often dark brown instead of the "honey-avellaneous" and "honey to dirty cream" that was in the Murrill's descriptions. But there was a wide variety of cap colours in our sequences, from yellow to brown, and they all sequenced the same, so this appears to be another case of cap colour not being critically important. This would mean that A. ameripanthera does not represent a unique species and the name would not be needed.

Amanita pacifigemmata n.p. (formerly pacificogemmata n.p.) - Our most common "gemmata-like" species in WA, this species is always yellowish, usually slender and the warts wash off pretty easily, although occasionally it can be stockier like A. pantherinoides. It is a sister species to a California species, Amanita breckonii, differing by about 4 bp and 7 indels (a couple of them being chunks of indels). I have no evidence yet of sequences that match CA A. breckonii exactly being found in the PNW.

Amanita pseudobreckonii n.p. - another yellow, slender species with warts that easily wash off in the gemmata-pantherina group found commonly in Oregon and California. It is very difficult to tell apart from A. pacifigemmata. It has now been found near Victoria, BC, so you can't assume that all collections north of OR are A. pacifigemmata n.p.

Amanita 'gemmata CA01' ("stocky") - is usually (but not always) stocky like Amanita pantherinoides but consistenly bright yellow. It often has warts on the cap and usually has at least somewhat of a collar volva. One theory is that Amanita umbrinidisca refers to this.

Amanita CA06 - another stocky species.

California has additional "panther-gemmata" species in their rich oak forests and other habitats that aren't present in the PNW, making identification for them even more difficult than for us.

Amanita pacifigemmata n.p. © Buck McAdoo,     Amanita pseudobreckonii n.p. © Corinne Srsen,     Amanita 'gemmata CA01' ("stocky") © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     A. CA06 © Drew Henderson and Yi-Min Wang

Amanita alpinicola MT - This species is stocky, pale yellow and grows in spring under 5-needle pines. It has a collar volva and also has fused warts that looked like they were ironed into the cap. It's often found partially buried. It was described from Montana and the DNA has been found in Idaho, as well as in WA north of Spokane at 5500' in July. There are reports that it may be in BC and OR as well, presumably inland and at elevation.

Amanita alpinicola © Janet Lindgren

Amanita aurantisquamosa ID - This tan coloured species has hints of orange in the scales, irregular patches of veil on the cap and a volva that is somewhat sac-like at first but soon breaking up. It is rare, only known from Southern Idaho and we do not have any sequences of it yet.

Amanita aurantisquamosa © Ellen Trueblood

Limacella - click to expand

Hard to recognize, as the universal veil is a layer of slime, but they can be recognized with practice by the free gills (although not always as obviously free as in other families) and slimy nature, especially on the caps. The species fall into three groups, which some consider separate genera, but I will treat them as sections. They are all thought to be non-mycorrhizal. Inamyloid spores.

Genera mentioned: Limacella, Zhuliangomyces, Limacellopsis
Species mentioned: Limacella glioderma, delicata, glischra, illinita, roseicremea, solidipes, macmurphyi