Tubaria, Flammulaster and Phaeomarasmius

Phaeomarasmius/Flammulaster - click to expand

Granular or floccose scales all over, with dry caps. As discussed above, the two genera are not monophyletic and need work.

Species mentioned: Phaeomarasmius erinaceus, erinaceellus, proximans. Flammulaster carpophilus, rhombosporus, muricatus, granulosus, limulatus.

Flammulaster 'carpophilus PNW05/PNW06/PNW08' - we have a lot of sequences from the EU of this EU mushroom, and it may not occur here (although PNW08 does occur in the UK), but we do have 3 genetic species that seem somewhat similar and are in the group. One of them was studied microscopically and was a good microscopic match too (PNW05). Possible defining macroscopic characters are that the colour is paler than some other species, and the scales are granular. One of these species could be Flammulaster rhombosporus NY, an east coast mushroom with no sequences yet that is currently regarded as a synonym but is probably a distinct species and more likely to be what is found here than F. carpophilus.

Flammulaster 'carpophilus PNW05' © Daniel Winkler, F. 'carpophilus PNW06' © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History, F. PNW08 © Matthew Koons

Flammulaster 'muricatus PNW02/PNW03' - these might clade close to the EU species F. muricatus, if one EU sequence is to be believed, but that should be taken with a grain of salt. What we do know is that PNW02 was a good microscopic match to F. muricatus, and PNW03 is a sister species that is a good microscopic match to Flammulaster granulosus. However, if a couple of EU sequences are to be believed, both are closer genetically to F. muricatus than they are to F. granulosus. When we first started finding Flammulaster species in the PNW, we called them all F. granulosus, as that was the only species we were familiar with, but there's no evidence yet that it actually exists in the PNW.

Flammulaster 'muricatus PNW02' © A & O Ceska, F. 'muricatus PNW03' © Yi-Min Wang and A & O Ceska

Phaeomarasmius 'erinaceus PNW07' EU - this seems to be by far the darkest, most densely scaly species we have (towards reddish brown). Our first WA sequence is 6% different than EU sequences, so our species may need its own name. The similar looking east coast 'Phaeomarasmius' erinaceellus NY is not closely related.

Phaeomarasmius 'erinaceus PNW07' © Yi-Min Wang

'Phaeomarasmius' proximans MI - our sequences match more than a dozen ENA sequences of this, so it seems very likely we do have this species here. It was unknown from the PNW until two recent WA collections. It is found on wood. The first collection had a cap covered in tiny, dark scales with a yellow-brown ground colour, but wasn't as prominently scaly on the stem. The second collection had more red-brown scales on the cap , a somewhat scaly stem and a stem bulb. It is probably not a Phaeomarasmius, as it sequences very close to Flammulaster limulatus.

Phaeomarasmius proximans © Lauren Ré and Yi-Min Wang

Flammulaster 'limulatus PNW01' (cf. var. litus UK) - this species is 5% different from Phaeomarasmius proximans MI and 3% different from Flammulaster limulatus EU, and microscopically matched Flammulaster limulatus var. litus pretty well. It was sequenced once from OR and once from WA.

Flammulaster 'limulatus PNW01' © A & O Ceska and Jordan Gates

cf 'Phaeomarasmius' rimulincola EU - this WA collection was tentatively identified as this, but we don't have any sequences of that species to verify the identity. In fact, our collection's sequence is a Flammulaster near F. carpophilus. Is the "real" P. rimulincola also not a Phaeomarasmius? It appears to have a short stem and very few gills and grows on oak.

cf 'Phaeomarasmius' rimulincola © Lauren Ré

Tubaria - click to expand

No granular nor floccose scales all over. Often decurrent gills. Dry caps that are often extremely hygrophanous.

Species mentioned: Tubaria furfuracea, hiemalis, tenuis, abramsii, conspersa, confragosa, punicea, vinicolor.

Tubaria furfuracea EU/hiemalis EU (tenuis CA?) - at first glance, there do appear to be two species, differing by a dozen bp in ITS, and judging by the names usually attached to the EU sequences, one is T. furfuracea and the other is probably T. hiemalis. Some have synonymized them, but some trees show two distinct clades. Over a dozen sequences of each from the PNW have been found, showing that both are abundant here. However, telling them apart is difficult. T. furfuracea is supposedly a summer species found on soil with a strong white partial veil. T. hiemalis is supposedly a winter species found on wood with a weak ochre partial veil. But our sequenced collections do not always bear that out.

Another interesting observation is that there are very different looking forms - some almost brick red with lots of veil tissue hanging off a thick cap margin, and others pale tan/buff with seemingly thinner flesh and striate cap margin. Both forms have been found matching sequences of T. furfuracea, and both forms have been found matching sequences of T. hiemalis - the two forms have the same ITS sequence, and both species show both forms. Compare photos below.

One complication is that some think that the older California name Tubaria tenuis is a synonym of the newer, but more popular name Tubaria hiemalis. If so, that's the name that should be used for it. However, with all the confusion around these species, that's just a guess for now, as we have no sequences of it. If they are all the same species, T. furfuracea is still the oldest name of the three.

Unfortunately the story is further complicated by the fact that these species appear to hybridize commonly. I have three sequences with 4, 8 and 12 ambiguous locations respectively that sequence in between the two species, the latter sequence having ambiguous nucleotides in virtually all 12 of the places that the two species differ, making it a complete hybrid of equal parts both species. This was an important find. If they can mate with each other that easily to produce hybrids, and if the hybrids are shown to be able to reproduce, and if the ecological and morphological differences that supposedly exist are shown to not be cut and dried, and if both forms of the species are found in both species, then it starts to sound like this is all one variable species, and the oldest name is Tubaria furfuracea.

Tubaria hiemalis (thin, pale version) © Daniel Winkler, Tubaria furfuracea (dark reddish version with veil remnants) © Joe Miller

Tubaria 'abramsii PNW01' - the caps appear to be paler and less bright when wet than in T. furfuracea/hiemalis (but remember they all bleach white when dry). Our WA and OR collections still have a sequence 6 bp different from both previous species, even after all 20 ambiguous locations were accounted for, so it appears to be a distinct species. If so, one species it somewhat resembles is the California species T. abramsii, but we have no sequences of that to be able to tell for sure.

Tubaria 'furfuracea CA02' - this lookalike of T. furfuracea definitely has a distinct sequence. I don't yet know how to differentiate it. It has been found in CA and now BC and WA.

Tubaria 'conspersa PNW02' - our local species is >4% different in ITS than the EU species Tubaria conspersa, so it likely needs a new name. We have 4 sequences from WA and OR, and one of them is 5 bp different than the others (which are within 2 bp of each other) so it should be verified that there is only one species here. It is recognized by its even smaller size and fibrils all over the cap and stem, not true scales like Phaeomarasmius/Flammulaster, just fibrils. The cap margin will be somewhat ragged with veil material.

Tubaria 'conspersa PNW04' - two OR collections are a unique species in this complex. I don't know yet how to tell it apart from PNW02.

Tubaria 'confragosa PNW03' - similarly, our local species is about 3.5% different in ITS than the EU species Tubaria confragosa, and may need its own name. Smith described Pholiota canescens as being very similar and that species may well actually be a Tubaria, perhaps this Tubaria, but unfortunately the name Tubaria canescens is already taken for an east coast species, so we cannot use that epithet for our local species no matter what. We have 3 WA sequences. Found on wood, it usually has a veil that leaves a ring on the stem.

Tubaria punicea OR - this bright burgundy mushroom is found on Madrone. We have sequenced it from BC, WA, and CA.

Tubaria vinicolor CA - this lookalike is not always quite as bright red, especially in the stem, and is found on other kinds of wood. We have sequences from CA and WA.