Cystoderma and Cystodermella - click to expand

• small (usually <5cm), covered in granular scales on both the caps and stems, and found on the ground.
• Most are orange to red, although white forms exist for several species. Common.

Cystoderma usually have amyloid spore walls (turning black in iodine) and Cystodermella don't. They look very much the same, but are not as closely related as you might expect. Cystodermella is not in the same family as the other "attached gilled" genera, and may be in its own family.

Species mentioned: Cystoderma amianthinum, Cystoderma jasonis, Cystoderma carcharias, Cystoderma fallax, Cystodermella granulosum, Cystodermella cinnabarina (terryi), Cystodermella adnatifolia

 

Cystoderma - amyloid spore walls

Cystoderma amianthinum group - This is the palest, brightest orange to yellow-orange coloured mushroom group in the section. The gills and cap flesh are almost pure white. It is thought to only leave a trace of a ring, but some specimens have had a fairly substantial ring and been mistaken for C. carcharius, below. There are two closely related genetic species in the EU (the second of which may be the real thing if an epitype sequence is to be believed). We may have 4 species in the group, and it's not yet clear if any of them are the real thing.

PNW01 - a sequence from WA matches some EU sequences quite well, and a sequence from BC differs by 4 bp in ITS1 only.

PNW02 - one BC and one WA sequence are 6-8 bp from another EU species (the one that might be the real thing). It may have a reticulated cap like PNW03.

PNW03 - our most common species, that often has a reticulated cap like var. rugosoreticulatum, although that is a European variety and the DNA of our common species has only been found here so far.

CO01 - known from one WA, one BC and one CO collection, matching some EU sequences as well.

Although some varieties of C. amianthinum were promoted to species level because they are genetically quite distinct (var. longisporum to C. jasonis, below, and var. sublongisporum to C. intermedia) our group members are closely related and could potentially remain as varieties. We need more collections to see how to tell these species apart.

Cystoderma intermedium's European type sequence is the same as Cystoderma carcharias below. Cystoderma amianthinum var. sublongisporum was reported from the PNW and declared a synonym, but I don't think it necessarily is, so it should be investigated what the genetics are of var. sublongisporum.

Cystoderma 'amianthinum PNW01' © Danny Miller,     C. 'amianthinum PNW02' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     C. 'amianthinum PNW03' © Danny Miller

Cystoderma 'amianthinum CO01' © Steve Ness (2 images)

 

Cystoderma jasonis UK - Very similar, perhaps less likely to be found in moss, perhaps a little darker in colour and with a brown tint to the gills and cap flesh. It is so similar to the C. amianthinum group that it was never noticed to be present in the PNW until a UBC student found and sequenced one. The biggest difference is microscopic - longer spores. It used to be considered a variety of C. amianthinum (var. longispora) but it's not closely related enough to be a variety. Considered rare for now, but maybe not, as nobody has been looking for it. There is an albino form in Europe that should be looked for here.

Cystoderma 'jasonis PNW04' - two BC sequences are 1% different in ITS. One is brown instead of orange, but that may be weathering as a nearby C. amianthinum group member was also unexpectedly brown. The other collection was paler orange and resembled the C. amianthinum group.

Cystoderma jasonis © Noah Siegel and Connor Dooley

 

Cystoderma 'jasonis PNW04' © Vail Paterson (3 images)

 

Cystoderma carcharias EU (Cystoderma carcharias var. fallax WA)

This species has the most well developed ring of any species in this group. Cystoderma carcharias is a rare white EU mushroom, and Cystoderma fallax is a common orange-brown WNA mushroom that was found to be identical except for colouration, so it was reduced to a variety, Cystoderma carcharias var. fallax. They can have identical ITS DNA, so thinking of it as only a variety might be the proper nomenclature, or perhaps even just a colour form. European sequences of both colours may vary from each other by as much as 3 bp, but most consider it all one species. Our local PNW var. fallax sequences are an additional 2-3 bp different. So far I am considering them all the same species. The ring can wear off making it resemble other species.

Cystoderma carcharias (var. fallax) © Steve Trudell, (var. carcharias) © Boleslaw Kuznik

 

'Cystoderma' gruberianum OR - This small (<3cm) clay-brown capped mushroom is found on Doug fir logs instead of on the ground, has a conic cap, and has very large amyloid spores compared to other species. It was described from Oregon, and is very rare (not found again since it was described in 1949). I'm not convinced it's actually a Cystoderma but somebody will need to find it again or sequence the type to figure out what it is.

Cystoderma gruberianum © University of Michigan

 

Cystoderma PNW06 - a beautiful purple species! Not known until it was sequenced once in WA, matching what might be one Chinese sequence and that's it, on its own branch of the tree. It's possible it needs its own genus because I can't get high support with the rest of the genus, but for now I am assuming it doesn't. It may be Cystodermella subpurpurea, described next.

Cystodermella subpurpurea OR - described from Oregon, so it's definitely here, but it's another rare species not found again since it was originally described in 1948. It has a very small (<1cm) grey cap with a purplish tinge. We need to find it again or sequence the type to find out what it really is. One possibility is Cystoderma PNW06.

Squamanitaceae CA01 - another possible identity of C. subpurpurea is this greyish species perhaps with a hint of purple, found only in CA so far, whose colour might better match the description. It is in the same genus as PNW06, whether that be Cystoderma or something new. Perhaps it does deserve its own genus, if one of these are Cystodermella subpurpurea, that would explain why it was mistaken for a Cystodermella and not recognized as a Cystoderma.

Cystoderma PNW06 © Connor Dooley,     Squamanitaceae CA01 © Sadie Hickey

 

 

Cystodermella - without amyloid spore walls

Cystodermella granulosa EU (Cystodermella granulosa var. ambrosii EU) - Cystodermella granulosa usually has a darker orange-brown to reddish-brown cap than Cystoderma jasonis. It has no extra sterile cells on the gill edges (cheilocystidia), unlike Cystodermella cinnabarina, below. It has inamyloid spores, like all Cystodermella. Our local sequences are 3bp and 3 indels different than European material, but so far considered to be the same species. This common species is also rarely found with a white cap, called Cystodermella ambrosii, but does not have any different ITS DNA when it does, so it has recently been redescribed as a variety, Cystodermella granulosa var. ambrosii, and may even more correctly be considered just a colour form.

Cystodermella adnatifolia NY - This east coast species is also found out here (sequenced collections from near Mt. Rainier and near Stampede Pass in WA). It usually has a more brightly coloured cap than the very similar C. granulosa, and the same lack of cheilocystidia and inamyloid spores. It is probably uncommon, or very difficult to tell apart from C. granulosa in practice, since it has gone unnoticed.

Cystodermella PNW01 - another brightly coloured species found once in OR. It is not yet known for sure if it has cystidia or not, but clades closer to the group without them. I don't yet know how to tell it apart from C. adnatifolia.

Cystodermella granulosa © Andrew Parker,     C. adnatifolia © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History (2 images),     C. PNW01 © Jonathan Frank

 

Cystodermella cinnabarina EU - Also more brightly coloured like C. adnatifolia, this common species has large sterile cells on the gill edges (cheilocystidia), giving them a fringed appearance under a hand lens if you don't have a microscope. One OR sequence is an exact match except for a few ambiguous locations and a couple of WA sequences are 2 bp different from EU material, so there is strong genetic evidence of this species here.

Cystodermella cinnabarina © Lauren Ré and Yi-Min Wang (2 images)

 

Cystodermella subpurpurea OR - described from Oregon, so it's definitely here, but it's another rare species not found again since it was originally described in 1948. It has a very small (<1cm) grey cap with a purplish tinge. We need to find it again or sequence the type to find out what it really is. One possibility is Cystoderma PNW06 or Squamanitaceae CA01, discussed above.

Phaeolepiota - click to expand

• Notable for pale yellow to orange brown spores. This will make it difficult to place it in this family. Uncommon.
• large size (up to 20cm or more) and orange leather-like veil that is extremely thick.
• It may live inside Cystoderma and belong in that genus. A multi-gene study is needed.

Species mentioned: Phaeolepiota aurea

 

Phaeolepiota PNW01 - It is quite a wonder to find one, but it is fairly uncommon. Two Washington sequences are identical to each other, but 2% different than more than a dozen European sequences, so our species may be unique and need a new name. It is occasionally reported with free gills.

unsequenced Phaeolepiota PW01 © Steve Trudell

Floccularia - click to expand

• larger, stockier mushrooms than Cystoderma/Cystodermella, scaly cap and stem, found on the ground, usually with bright yellow colours.
• the Lepiotoid genus most easily confused with Tricholoma, but uncommon.

Species mentioned: Floccularia albolanaripes, luteovirens

 

Floccularia albolanaripes OR - Described from Oregon, this mushroom somewhat resembles a veiled Tricholoma. It has bright yellow-brown scaly cap often with brown on the disc, and a very shaggy stem.

Floccularia CO01 - with a bright yellow cap without brown. We don't have type area sequences of Floccularia luteovirens EU to know what it is, but I suspect this is what was found back in the 1950's when F. luteovirens was reported from the PNW. We need a type sequence of F. luteovirens and to verify that it doesn't occur here.

unsequenced Floccularia albolanaripes © Andrew Parker,     F. CO01 © Anne Polyakov

Leucopholiota - click to expand

• small orange mushroom, scaly all over, with amyloid spores like Cystoderma but growing on decayed wood instead of on the ground. Rare.

Species mentioned: Leucopholiota decorosa, lignicola

 

Leucopholiota sp. - Leucopholiota decorosa was described from NY, and is one candidate for what our species might be. Another is the boreal species Leucopholiota lignicola, described from Scandanavia, since all 4 collections found so far in the PNW are from about 51 degrees north or higher in BC. We need both local sequences and Scandanavian sequences to find out.

Leucopholiota sp. © Paul Kroeger

Squamanita/Dissoderma - click to expand

Squamanita has now been split into Squamanita and Dissoderma, which the larger species that have purple tones being moved into Dissoderma. If they were not split, Leucopholiota would have to move into Squamanita. They are very rare, very cool parasites on other mushrooms that seem to turn the mushroom into a hybrid, with the attacked mushroom on the bottom half and the purple-grey Dissoderma on the top. We do not have any known Squamanita in the PNW, only Dissoderma.

Species mentioned: Dissoderma paradoxum, contortipes, pearsonii, odoratum

 

Dissoderma odoratum EU - growing clustered with a notable sweet, grape odor. It parasitizes Hebeloma mesophaeum. We have one old sequenced collection from WA.

Dissoderma paradoxum OR - Greyish-purple parasite on Cystoderma amianthinum and Cystoderma carcharias. Note that the bottom half of the mushroom still looks like Cystoderma and the top half is a Dissoderma. The base is swollen and scurfy.

Dissoderma pearsonii UK - This species is very similar to D. pardoxum but lacks the scurfy swollen base and differs microscopically. It has been collected and sequenced once in WA in 1997.

Dissoderma stuntzii WA - differs by 7% in ITS, but otherwise cannot easily be distinguished from D. pearsonii. Known only from the type collection from 1975.

Dissoderma contortipes WA - Our smallest species (<1cm across) with almost round spores, mycenoid, greyish-purple on Galerina species. Known only from the type collection from 1993.

unsequenced Dissoderma paradoxa © Kit Scates Barnhart