Summary of Interesting Results tbd

Inosperma, Mallocybe and Pseudosperma - click to expand The species without metuloids (and never with nodulose spores) probably represent the oldest lineages, before either of those traits evolved in the family. Although as a group these three genera are easy to separate from Inocybe with a microscope, they are more difficult to recognize individually. I think I would have preferred considering them all to be Inocybe, but then other mushrooms around the world that don't seem quite so Inocybe-like would have to be called Inocybe as well, and those people might have objected. For a more in-depth key to the individual genera and much more information, see Brandon's paper. Species mentioned: Inocybe calamistrata, hirsuta var. maxima, mucidiolens, atrovirescens n.p., maculata, lanatodisca, fibrillosa, subdecurrens, dulcamara, terrigena, delecta, leucoblema, subtomentosa, malenconii, breviterincarnata, flavella, holoxantha, niveivelata, obsoleta, occidentalis, bulbosissima, rimosa, sororia   Inosperma calamistratum group These are recognized by being distinctly scaly all over, brown but with blue-green spots on the stem base and sometimes turning red where handled. I think a study showed that this genus contains neither Psilocybin (the bluing is unrelated) nor the poison muscarine unlike most in Inocbye s.s. The odor is raw fish, pine resin or green corn, not the usual spermatic odor. Here are the species we have in this group: Inosperma 'calamistratum PNW01' Inosperma 'calamistratum PNW02' Inosperma 'calamistratum PNW03' Inosperma 'calamistratum PNW06' - there are four local species in this genus that probably don't have names yet. Brandon has Inocybe calamistratum both in the EU where it was described and here in North America, but our local sequence are more than 2% different from the sequence that he and Kropp have said is an actual sequence (there are many competing concepts in UNITE as there are many lookalikes). Perhaps the real thing is somewhere in North America, but apparently not here, and I think ours needs new names. PNW03 is the most common. PNW01 has been found in WA and northern BC. PNW02 has been found in Vancouver and northern BC. As for telling them apart, PNW01 has shorter spores 10.5-12 x 6-7u. PNW02 had spores ~10.5-11.5 x 6.5-7u in one collection, perhaps rounder than PNW01, but  had spores 11.5-13 x 7-7.5 µm in another. PNW03 has longer and narrower spores 12.5-13.5 x 5.5-6.5u. PNW06 is known from one ID collection and has the shortest spores, 8.0-10.7 x 4.5-5.3 um, and seems related to I. subhirsutum EU. Inosperma maximum (=Inocybe hirsuta var. maxima) WA - usually a bit more robust, more red staining and fewer blue areas. Inosperma mucidiolens/atrovirescens n.p. - when I. calamistratum var. mucidiolens was described from Nova Scotia (now raised to species status), it was said to be present in WA too, but WA sequences are 3 bp and 2 indels or so different from the Nova Scotia type sequence, and ours may be larger with a blackening stem so it is currently being studied to see if ours needs a new name. If so, it will be called Inocybe atrovirescens. Other genes may show a higher divergence than ITS does, supporting the idea that it needs a new name. It supposedly has a more moldy or green corn odor, whereas the others typically have more raw fish and pine resin odors.  Inosperma 'calamistratum PNW01' © Erica Son,     I. 'calamistratum PNW02' © iNaturalist user fungi_fanatic,     I. 'calamistratum PNW03' © Sadie Hickey,    I. 'calamistratum PNW06' © Ed Barge   Inosperma maximum © Yi-Min Wang,     I. mucidiolens/atrovirescens n.p. © Betty Hsu   Inosperma maculatum group These nondescript brown fibrillose to scaly capped mushrooms are separated from Inocybe by their lack of metuloids, and from Mallocybe and Pseudosperma by having an almost naked stem (less fibrillose-scaly than most in the family). The basidia are all clear (not brown) under the scope. These species may have an umbo covered with bits of white veil material and a little stem bulb. They have a complex odor. We so far have not shown that the European I. maculatum itself is present in the PNW, but here are the two species we do have that have been mistaken for it: Inosperma 'maculatum PNW02' -  our least uncommon species in this group appears to be quite distant genetically from the EU species an in need of its own name. Inosperma lanatodiscum MI - yellowish, making it look like Pseudosperma, but perhaps not as straw coloured nor as tattered. It is said to have a different complex odor. We have a MA sequence that Kropp says is close enough to the type area of MI to represent the real thing, and it has been found in WA. Inosperma 'lanatodiscum PNW04' - 7 bp and 1 long indel different from I. lanatodiscum, we also appear to have a potential sister species in the PNW.     Inosperma maculatum group member © Danny Miller,     I. lanatodiscum © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     I. 'lanatodiscum PNW04' © Yi-Min Wang     Mallocybe Mallocybe have more fibrillose stems than the Inosperma maculatum group and are not usually straw coloured and strongly conical like Pseudosperma is. Also unlike those two, these have basidia that are brown under the scope. Brandon will soon have a paper out giving names to the unnamed species and clarifying their differences. Stay tuned. Mallocybe dulcamara EU and Mallocybe terrigena EU have been reported from the PNW, but they do not appear to be present here yet. Those collections were probably one of the lookalikes below. Mallocybe fibrillosa NY (=M. subdecurrens NY?, =Mallocybe delecta EU?) - a wooly ochre species (yellow- to orange-brown). Brandon's east coast sequences of M. fibrillosa and M. subdecurrens are practically the same, different by a couple bp and a few ambiguous locations, so they may be synonymous, with M. fibrillosa being slightly older. However, he hypothesizes that the Mallocybe delecta EU may be the same, which is even older, but we have no sequences of that yet to prove it. This is one of the species we have been calling Mallocybe dulcamara EU in the PNW. We don't have reliable sequences of that species either, but it is not likely to be this. Mallocybe leucoblema EU - our one WA collection sequences 4bp from EU sequences and other only 2 bp. It was find in the Cascades and near the Idaho border. Mallocybe leucoloma EU - a slender yellow-brown species covered in copious white universal veil material when young. This European species alpine willow species is commonly found in the Rockies, but a single WA collection has been found for the PNW. ITS wasn't sequenced, but other genes match. We need more local collections. Mallocybe malenconii EU - a pale brown species with crowded gills. There are 2 species going by this name, but if the more common one turns out to be the real thing, that's the one found once in south eastern BC. It is normally found in the EU, but has occasionally been found back east too. Mallocybe PNW02 - sequenced from BC, ID and CA. Mallocybe PNW03 - known only from one WA collection, PBM1615, no ITS sequence. Mallocybe PNW04 - known only from one WA collection, PBM2290, no ITS sequence. Mallocybe PNW05 - three WA sequences (Swauk and Table Mountain) Mallocybe PNW06 - one eastern WA sequence near the ID border. Mallocybe subtomentosa NY - three WA sequences match NY sequences fairly well except for an unusual number of ambiguous locations (this is also true of other gene regions, not just ITS), but for now I am assuming ours are the same species. Like M. leucoloma, it has a long stem with a white stem base, but does not seem to retain the white universal veil material on the cap. Mallocybe PNW08 - perhaps with a scaly stem and a ring zone, as the 5 BC collections were mislabeled as Mallocybe terrigena. Mallocybe PNW09 - Pemberton BC and Alaska have sequences of an additional species, and one collected was photographed from ID. Mallocybe PNW10 - one ID collection matching nothing else, but the sequence seems clean. A hardwood wetland species. Mallocybe fibrillosa © Buck McAdoo,     Mallocybe leucoblema © Andrew Parker Mallocybe PNW02 © Ed Barge,     M. PNW05 © Shannon Adams,     M. PNW06 © Andrew Parker Mallocybe subtomentosa © Shannon Adams,     M. PNW09 © Ed Barge,     M. PNW10 © Ed Barge   Pseudosperma These are straw coloured, large, umbonate and quite tattered and may smell spermatic or like green corn. The stems are more fibrillose than in the Inosperma maculatum group and unlike Mallocybe, the basidia are clear, not brown under the scope. Kropp did a big study in Utah of this subgenus of Inocybe (now genus Pseudosperma) and found that instead of the 1 species in this group we thought we had, we actually have at least 9 lookalike species. Oh boy. Kropps' paper provides a key to many of the species in this genus. Pseudosperma 'sororium PNW08' - we have WA, OR, and ID sequences that don't quite match ENA type area sequences. Pseudosperma rimosum EU - reported often from the PNW, but no local DNA matches Kropp's EU DNA yet, so it may not be here. This was the only commonly known species in the genus for a long time, so all our species have long gone incorrectly by this name. Pseudosperma breviterincarnatum UT - pink very young gills, quickly losing the pink (the name may mean "briefly pink"). Kropp provided 6 sequences from WA that match his UT type sequence, and we have one photographed collection from ID. Pseudosperma cf flavellum EU - perhaps a brighter yellow cap. Kropp reported it From Idaho but did not provide the sequence, so we still need sequence proof that it is here. He did provide an official EU sequence to compare to, which disagrees with the sequence of most genbank collections labeled this. This should be sorted out. Pseudosperma 'flavellum PNW06' - we do have a Victoria BC sequence that clades close to the various concepts of P. flavellum, but doesn't match any of them. This could be what Kropp found in Idaho, or, if he found the real thing, this could be an additional species. See also PNW01 and PNW10. Pseudosperma 'flavellum PNW10' - one WA collection has a sequence 8 bp different in ITS1 and 1 bp different in ITS2 from Kropp's concept of P. flavellum. Pseudosperma holoxanthum WA - also rather bright like P. flavellum. we have a NS paratype sequence but it would be nice to get local sequences of this local species. Pseudosperma 'obsoletum PNW07' EU - pinkish- or brownish-grey cap (most others are yellow-brown). UT and WA sequences are a few % different than Kropp's EU sequences, so we appear to have an unnamed sister species. Pseudosperma occidentale UT - the one lacking a distinct umbo. A WA sequence matches the UT type sequence. Pseudosperma bulbosissimum EU - one old WA sequence matches Brandon's EU sequences. Pseudosperma PNW01 WA - When fresh, this species is brighter yellow than other local Pseudosperma. Four Washington collections have a unique sequence and likely represent an undescribed species close to P. flavellum, which is a yellow species in Europe. Pseudosperma PNW02 OR - one Oregon collection has a unique sequence and likely represents an undescribed species. I cannot tell it apart from P. sororium. Pseudosperma PNW03 WA - with bright yellow gills from the Olympic peninsula at 4,000', this WA collection is almost 10% different in ITS DNA than any known species. Pseudosperma PNW04 WA - this one seems very stocky and grows with willow. Pseudosperma PNW05 WA - known from 2 WA collections. Both had a dark umbo. One was more strikingly umbonate with a rooting stem (shown). Pseudosperma niveivelatum UT - appears to be almost white from universal veil material on the cap and stem. It was found a bunch of times in AZ, but now recorded further north in ID and OR, still the Rockies and not the coast. We have the ITS2 only type sequence from UT. There is also a second clade of sequences with a half dozen or so differences in ITS, formerly known as PNW11, that Brandon believes is the same species as there are no known geographic, morphologic or ecologic differences. Pseudosperma PNW09 - one WA collection has a sequence matching three Chinese sequences. It has a rather streaky cap, if that turns out to be reliable. Pseudosperma PNW12 - one WA collection is distant from any known sequence by about 10% in ITS. Pseudosperma 'sororium PNW08' and P. PNW01 © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     P. PNW01 © Connor Dooley,     P. PNW02 © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History,     P. breviterincarnatum © Ed Barge Pseudosperma PNW03 © Steve Ness,     P. PNW04 © Shannon Adams,     P. PNW05 © Yi-Min Wang,     P. niveivelatum © Ed Barge and Joe Matanzas Pseudosperma PNW09 © Sandra Ruffner (2 images),     P. 'flavellum PNW10' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images), P. PNW12 © Yi-Min Wang

Inocybe - nodulose spores - click to expand Inocybe itself probably evolved both metuloids and nodulose spores from the ancestral genera above. Species mentioned: Inocybe albodisca, albodiscoides, alpigenes, assimilata, californica, castanea, ceskae, chelanensis, cicatricata, curvipes, decemgibbosa, fallax, grammata, heterochrominea, pseudoteraturgus, maritimoides, bufonia, rangiferi, intricata var. pallidistipitata, jacobi, lanuginosa, leptophylla, mixtilis, napipes, nematoloma, petiginosa, phaeocystidiosa, praetervisa, prominens, radiata, ranierensis, soluta, sphagnophila, stellatospora, suaveolens, subcarpta, umbratica, variabillima, xanthomelas, nigrodisca   The macroscopic characters that separate species are cap colour (which shade of brown), how scaly the cap is, whether or not there is a stem bulb and whether or not the stem is almost entirely pruinose (if the species does not have a cortina when young), only at the apex (usually if the species has a cortina) or not at all. This will help get you to a smaller selection of species to choose from, but then you'll probably need the scope again. A pruinose stem has white dots and is usually white (left photo) while a fibrillose stem has longer, stringy white fibers and it is often brown (see right photo). I. occulta pruinose stipe and I. 'assimilata PNW39' fibrillose stipe © Jacob Kalichman   1. Small species (caps <2 cm across) Inocybe cf rufoalba EU (=Inocybe jacobi EU) - small, gills more distant than I. petiginosa. The stem is entirely pruinose. There is no agreement on what sequences of this are, but 3 BC sequences match some EU sequences that might be this. No photos yet. Inocybe petiginosa EU - very similar, but the gills are not as distant as in I. rufoalba. EU sequences seem to agree what this is, but no matching local sequences yet, although it has been reported from here. Inocybe PNW33/PNW34/PNW35 - we have a tight cluster of three small species, only about 1% different in ITS from each other, mistaken for I. jacobi but not that closely related to our best guess of what that is. For now I am considering them separately, as there is more than one matching sequence in most cases. The only one photographed is PNW33. Inocybe 'jacobi PNW33' © Sandra Ruffner 2. White umbonate species with stem bulb (and possible fragrant odor) - (smooth spored white species don't have a stem bulb and are much more common) Inocybe umbratica EU (=Inocybe suaveolens WA) - whitish, umbonate, stem bulb, no veil and entierly pruinose stem. Sometimes it has been noted with a fragrant odor of sweet pea or lily of the valley, in which case it gets the name Inocybe suaveolens. When it has a normal Inocybe odor, it is called Inocybe umbratica, the older name. When a sequence of an original Stuntz collection of I. suaveolens was compared to the available EU sequences of I. umbratica, the sequences were the same, and Brandon confirms that they are the same species. Note that I. albodiscoides, next might be all white, but won't be as umbonate/mammilate. Inocybe umbratica © Ann Goddard   3. Disc a different colour than the rim (white disc, brown rim or black disc, pale rim) or entirely golden yellow Inocybe albodiscoides (I. grammata and I. albodisca misapplied)  - a white disc and a brown rim. It is not umbonate and has a stem bulb. The stem is mostly pruinose. The spores have relatively few nodules. It might be entirely white capped, or in age, entirely brown capped. Our sequences are 3% different than EU sequences of Inocybe grammata EU, which is what we used to call our species before it was described as distinct. Inocybe albodisca NY is a synonym of I. grammata. Our species produces slightly larger mushrooms with slightly smaller spores than I. grammata, and is found with Doug fir and hemlock. Inocybe grammata EU - it was thought that this didn't occur here, but now it has been found in WA, and in a native habitat. Inocybe nigrodisca ENA? - several Stuntz collections from MI show us what this Peck species probably is, and we have two matching WA sequences now. The cap was quite hairy (even the margin) with a black disk and whitish to brownish rim. It has been confirmed to be a nodulose spored species, and it lacks a stem bulb and has an entirely hairy stem when fresh. Inocybe albodiscoides © Sharon Squazzo,     Inocybe grammata © Yi-Min Wang,     Inocybe nigrodisca © Steve Ness (2 images) Inocybe aurea EU (=Inocybe davisiana MA?) - entirely golden yellow, umbonate, no stem bulb, stem not pruinose. If this is the same thing as I. davisiana, that older name would have priority. We need that type sequence. Inocybe aurea © Ed Barge   4. Dark brown, truly scaly cap and stem even when young, fleeting cortina (the I. lanuginosa group, similar to the smooth spored I. lacera from poor soils) Inocybe lanuginosa EU - often found on rotten wood, not the ground. BC and WA sequences match many EU sequences, including an isoepitype. Many varieties have been described, but so far there is no evidence that they are genetically distinct. For instance, sequences of var. ovatocystis with stouter and more encrusted cystidia match the isoepitype sequence of the type variety. Inocybe leptophylla USA - less likely to be on wood, and with larger spores. We have 3 US sequences from TN, NY and WY that match and probably represent this species, and one matching OR collection. Inocybe CA25 - close to I. leptophylla but probably distinct. Known from CA and WA. Inocybe PNW55 - known from 2 BC sequences in this group. No photos yet. Inocybe stellatospora NY - this scaly capped mushroom is actually near the soluta/subcarpta clade, not in the lanuginosa clade. It is less likely to be on wood with differently shaped metuloids. One old WA Stuntz collection does match a couple of east coast sequences from Brandon. Inocybe lanuginosa © Yi-Min Wang,     I. leptophylla © Jordan Gates,     I. CA25 © Yi-Min Wang   5. Yellow-brown smoothish cap, usually but not always a stem bulb, entirely pruinose stem (no cortina). Similar smooth spored species are less common. Inocybe ceskae EU (Inocybe mixtilis EU misapplied) -the caps can be almost entirely smooth when fresh, not looking like a typical Inocybe. ITS can vary by up to 1% in this species, mostly in ITS2, but those collections were studied in the type paper and it is thought that it is all one species. We have BC and WA sequences. Inocybe occulta EU (Inocybe mixtilis EU misapplied) - difficult to distinguish from I. ceskae, previously both species went by the name I. mixtilis. The shape and size of the cystidia are somewhat different. We have a BC and WA sequence matching the EU type sequence. Inocybe 'mixtilis PNW61' - overlooked in the study that described the two above species in the I. mixtilis complex, usually a spring/summer grass species (found once in spring, once in summer and once in fall) that was first discovered because it fatally poisoned a small dog in Vancouver, BC. We have one BC and two WA sequences. It is probably very difficult to differentiate from the other 2 species microscopically, but the time of year and/or grass habitat should do it. Inocybe ceskae © Richard Morrison and Yi-Min Wang,     I. occulta © Jacob Kalichman,     I. 'mixtilis PNW61' © Yi-Min Wang Inocybe praetervisa EU - perhaps a little larger, with the cap usually somewhat fibrillose. The stem may not be pruinose all the way down. However, the best way to differentiate it from the above 2 species might be by larger spores. The EU type sequence is dirty, but we have cleaner EU sequences, and a bunch of BC sequences to match it, as well as an OR and WA collection. Inocybe phaeocystidiosa EU - with the larger spores of I. praetervisa but with the stem perhaps entirely pruinose (but hard to differentiate in practice). A couple of WA collections have sequences that match the type sequence very well. Inocybe 'phaeocystidiosa PNW64' - a half dozen BC sequences differ by 2% in ITS2 only. This may be a distinct species. Inocybe 'xanthomelas PNW38' - very similar to I. phaeocystidiosa but perhaps with a stem that darkens on drying. Our many local BC, WA and OR sequences are a species >15% different in ITS from several EU sequences that likely represent this species. Inocybe 'xanthomelas PNW65' - another species in this group, but less common, known from boreal BC, WA, OR and CA. Inocybe humilis EU - known from the EU and one ID collection. It is similar to I. xanthomelas EU. Inocybe praetervisa © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     I. phaeocystidiosa © Yi-Min Wang,     I. 'phaeocystidiosa PNW64' © Yi-Min Wang (2 images) Inocybe 'xanthomelas PNW38' © Ann Goddard,     I. 'xanthomelas PNW65' © Yi-Min Wang,     I. humilis © Ed Barge Inocybe cf nematoloma EU - no stem bulb noted. A WA sequence of a collection with nodulose spores matches an EU sequence, but it's not one that Bandini provided so the ID isn't proven. Inocybe PNW53/PNW54 - 2 other species in the I. nematoloma complex, known from a few BC sequences each. Inocybe PNW74 - known from one WA collection and a BC soil sample, the WA sequence is of poor quality so the BC soil sample sequence may better represent this species. We don't have a good description of it, so I am assuming it belongs in this section due to its proximity to I. xanthomelas and I. phaeocystidiosa in the tree, although it did not appear to be yellow-brown in the one known collection. Inocybe candidipes AZ - stem probably entirely pruinose, but probably not bulbous. This has been mistaken for I. chelanensis, below, which doesn't yet have a type sequence. BC, OR and ID sequences match the AZ type sequence.     Inocybe cf nematoloma © Connor Dooley,     I. PNW74 © Steve Ness (2 images),     Inocybe candidipes © Ed Barge   6. Plain brown, stem bulb, stem not pruinose or only at apex, cortina when young and  may have pale universal veil material on cap. (I. assimilata/napipes clade) Inocybe 'assimilata PNW39' - These species have fibrillose stems, with white stringy fibers, subtly different than the white pruinose dots of other species. I. assimilata is reported with pale universal veil material on the cap, and the closely related I. napipes isn't, but instead has spores that are more strongly nodulose. We haven't found either species in the PNW, despite both being reported as very common, but we have found this undescribed species differing from I. assimilata by about 10% in ITS. Perhaps reports of I. assimilata in the PNW represent this instead. Inocybe 'napipes PNW40' - this second local sister species, also different by at least 10% in ITS from I. assimilata (and even more different than I. napipes), represents two of the three supposed I. napipes collections that were sequenced from BC. Perhaps reports of I. napipes in the PNW represent this instead, but we'll need more collections to see if the situation is that simple or not, and how the actual species correlate with the presence of universal veil material on the cap and the spore shape. As you can see from the middle photos below, the two species can look the same and the spore photographs suggest that PNW40 has more nodulose spores, but this is all so far inconclusive. Inocybe 'sphagnophila PNW31' - 2 OR and 1 WA sequence, 6% different in ITS than I. sphagnophila. Inocybe 'alpigenes PNW63' - one BC sequence, the closest species is I. alpigenes, 5% different in ITS. Inocybe 'assimilata PNW39' mushroom and spores © Yi-Min Wang,     I. 'assimilata PNW39' © Jacob Kalichman,     I. 'napipes PNW40' mushroom and spores © Yi-Min Wang Inocybe 'sphagnophila PNW31' © Ann Goddard (2 images)   7. Plain brown, no stem bulb, stem not pruinose or only at apex, cortina when young Inocybe chelanensis WA - a high elevation spring species with pale universal veil material sometimes left on the cap, looking much like the above group but without the stem bulb. This species has the longest nodulose spores of any local species, up to 19x8u. We don't have a type sequence nor any photographed, sequenced collections yet. Inocybe curvipes EU (=Inocybe radiata MA, =Inocybe variabillima Brazil) - quite variable in appearance, there are many more synonyms than just the ones given. It is found in urban landscaped areas (including grass or with non-native hardwoods) with the stem often darkening from the base up. Often it has a dark umbo, but it may be slender or stocky. But under the scope you can recognize it by pointy metuloids and oblong spores with only a few nodules that look more like the angles of Entoloma spores or tiny rocket ships. (Yes, some Inocybes are actually referred to as "rocket spore Inocybes"). A few WA sequences match many EU sequences fairly well. Some sequences in both areas differ by as much as 4 bp from each other, but so far it seems to all be one variable species. Inocybe curvipes © Yi-Min Wang, Ben Woo, iNaturalist user marrstree and spores by Brandon Matheny Inocybe soluta/subcarpta EU group - stem also darkening from the base up like I. curvipes, but with spores that are usually strongly nodulose. PNW41 through PNW47, a few other unnamed species, plus a few named species represent a bunch of species in this group. Note that PNW70 is unusual for having smooth spores, yet being in the same clade as the others. Not all species have been tested yet for nodulose spores. PNW41 - spring WA, OR and CA collections PNW42 - two spring OR collections Inocybe 'pseudoteraturgus PNW43' - two fall PNW collections, and a bunch with date unknown. Inocybe 'pseudoteraturgus PNW66' - one June Idaho collection differs in 4-5 locations in ITS from PNW43. Inocybe maritimoides NY - one summer WA collection matches what Bandini and Stuntz think is I. maritimoides. PNW45 - one fall WA collection, and one BC collection (date unknown) PNW46 - known from three BC sequences PNW47 - known from 14 BC sequences, but then photographed from ID and CA, some smooth spored names have been applied to it. Inocybe bufonia EU - this species can vary in ITS by 2% or so, but there are no known ecological and morphological differences, and other genes imply it is all one species too. It can be quite variable, as it has been mistaken for half a dozen different species. Unfortunately, it is a confusing, variable species in a group of very similar confusing species. Inocybe rangiferi EU - known from 1 BC sequence Inocybe vidarii EU - When they figured out what the real I. subcarpta and I. soluta were, they named some of the others that had been going by those names. This is one of them. It was not known from the PNW until found once in WA. Nodulose spores. PNW70 - 1 BC sequence matches a Maine collection that has smooth spores, odd but not unheard of for this group. Inocybe rainierensis WA - 1 ID sequence from a June collection that closely matches the type sequences, it lives close to PNW41. Inocybe heterochrominea NS - is closely related to some of the above species and probably looks similar. We have the type sequence, and the authors reported it from WA too, but we have no local collections. Inocybe PNW41 © Jonathan Frank,     I. 'pseudoteraturgus PNW43' © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History and Noah Siegel,     I. 'pseudoteraturgus PNW66' © Joe Matanzas Inocybe maritimoides © Shannon Adams,     I. PNW45 © Noah Siegel,     I. PNW47 © Ed Barge,     I. PNW70 © Richard Morrison (from Maine) Inocybe bufonia © Yi-Min Wang (2 images) and Jonathan Frank (2 images)   Inocybe vidarii © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     I. rainierensis © Ed Barge   Reported locally, but no local sequence or confirmed photographs yet - any distinctive features known will be noted Inocybe californica CA - stem bulb. Kauffman noted it from OR Inocybe castanea NY - chestnut brown cap. We have BC and WA reports. Inocybe cicatricata NA - usually small (<2.5 cm across). We have an epitype sequence to compare to. Stuntz thought he found it once in WA. Inocybe decemgibbosa EU - stem bulb, entirely pruinose stem. We have a dozen matching EU sequence, but no local DNA. Smith reported it once from WA. Inocybe fallax NY - perhaps an entirely pruinose stem. There are old reports by Kauffman Inocybe intricata MA var. pallidistipitata WA - small size (<1.5 cm across), stem bulb, entirely pruinose stem. We have a half dozen ENA sequences of the type variety, but no sequences from here of our variety. Inocybe prominens NY - stem bulb. There are old reports by Kauffman Inocybe rainierensis WA - stem bulb. Locally described   There are more than 1,000 local sequences of Inocybe in GenBank, and I was not able to look at every single one of them, so more species exist.

Inocybe - smooth spores - click to expand At least one giant clade of Inocybe lost their nodulose spores (they are smooth spored) but kept the metuloids. We need a multi-gene study to find out how many different clades lost their nodulose spores, but it may be that most of them are in one giant clade. Chances are you're going to need a scope to identify any Inocybe, so I don't feel too bad about making you use a scope to know which section to expand (something I usually try to avoid). Species mentioned: Inocybe geophylla, elysii, sambucella, whitei, pudica, armeniaca, insinuata, lilacina, pallidicremea, ionocephala, agglutinata, fuscodisca, virgata, fuscicothumata, obscuroides, cincinnata var. major, pyrotricha, griseolilacina, minima, pusio, catalaunica, leiocephala, picrosma, citrifolia n.p., kauffmanii, brunneolipes, semifulva, chalcodoxantha, submuricellata var. stenospermina, nitidiuscula, involuta, volvata, vaccina, laetior, cinnamomea, subdestricta, flocculosa, plurabellae, sindonia, melleiconica, oetziana, fraudens, olympiana, microlepidota n.p., griseoscabrosa, hotsoniana, glabripes, fuscidula, chondroderma, lanatopurpurea, lacera, helobia, moravica, beaucensis np, monticola, pseudodestricta, eutheloides, hemileuca, pallidipes, praecox, siskiyouensis, splendens, zethi, griseovelata, atrodisca np   The macroscopic characters that separate species are cap colour (which shade of brown), how scaly the cap is, whether or not there is a stem bulb and whether or not the stem is almost entirely pruinose (if the species does not have a cortina when young), only at the apex (usually if the species has a cortina) or not at all. This will help get you to a smaller selection of species to choose from, but then you'll probably need the scope again.   1. Inocybe geophylla group - smooth, often umbonate white or lilac caps, but some have brown discs and are hard to place in this group, and other whitish species like I. sindonia (see section 2) are not in this group. These present species all form a natural clade. They all have a cortina when young and lack a stem bulb. The stem apex may be pruinose. Our one known white nodulose spored species has a stem bulb. White species Inocybe 'geophylla PNW05' - abundant as a group, these next species are usually slender, white, often umbonate species. I. geophylla itself has never been recorded from the west coast. Inocybe 'geophylla PNW06' - Inocybe 'geophylla PNW11' - seems to be a bit stockier than others Inocybe 'geophylla IN46' - seems to be a slender, prominently umbonate species. Inocybe 'geophylla PNW13' - seems to be in between PNW11 and PNW12. Inocybe 'geophylla PNW52' - known from 5 BC sequences, our one photograph is white, although it has been mistaken for the brownish I. posterula and I. auricoma. Inocybe PNW62 - neither slender nor umbonate (stature closest to PNW11?) with distant gills. Inocybe elysii EU - a small species, or perhaps it was young. Inocybe sambucella - we have a reliable NY type area sequence and EU sequences match it, but other sequences, including our WNA sequences, differ around 1% in ITS. The clades can hybridize, but it is all considered one species. Inocybe 'geophylla PNW06' © Vail Paterson (2 images),     I. 'geophylla PNW11' © Ryan Downey,     I. 'geophylla IN46' © Sharon Squazzo,     I. 'geophylla PNW13' © iNaturalist user hugebooter,       Inocybe 'geophylla PNW52' © Sarandeep Khella & Danielle De Martin (1 image),     I. PNW62 © Yi-Min Wang,     I. elysii © iNaturalist user guavagracey,     I. sambucella © Joann Olson (from CA) Inocybe 'whitei PNW07' - a somewhat stockier white species, not usually prominently umbonate, that stains red where handled or in age. Our ITS sequences are 5% different than EU type area sequences provided by Brandon. Inocybe pudica is a synonym of I. whitei. Inocybe 'armeniaca PNW08' - more slender and umbonate like the I. geophylla group of species, but reddening somewhat like PNW07. About 10% different in ITS from EU type area sequences provided by Brandon. Inocybe 'armeniaca PNW75' - this may actually be I. armeniaca. Stay tuned. I don't know how to differentiate it from I. 'armeniaca PNW08'. It is also probably the same as I. geophylla var. lateritia EU, which needs elevation to species if not the same as I. armeniaca. Inocybe 'insinuata PNW04' - a stocky chalky white species that is somewhat umbonate and somewhat bulbous. It is 4% different in ITS than Brandon's CA type area sequences. Inocybe 'whitei PNW07' © Bitty Roy,     I. 'armeniaca PNW75' © Yi-Min Wang Lilac species Inocybe pallidicremea NS - lilac colours when fresh (otherwise much like the I. geophylla group above), slender and umbonate. Inocybe 'pallidicremea PNW03' - one clade differs by 3 bp and 3 indels from the others in ITS, which isn't a whole lot, but they differ by 6 bp in LSU, which is a lot for that gene, indicating that it most likely is a distinct species. Inocybe 'lilacina PNW02' - it is unknown how these two species differ from I. pallidicremea. Inocybe 'lilacina PNW10' - Inocybe ionocephala CA - a stockier lilac species that can develop a yellowish stem base. Fleeting cortina, stem apex pruinose. I. pallidicremea © Sharon Squazzo,     I. 'pallidicremea PNW03' © Ann Goddoard,     I. 'lilacina PNW10' © iNaturalist user hugebooter,     I. ionocephala © Bitty Roy Brownish discs - not truly white, but usually paler on the margin than on the disc. Inocybe agglutinata NY - brown disc, paler margin. Perhaps it can also be recognized by agglutinated fibrils on the cap (stuck together) even though the cap is dry and not viscid. This species will be the hardest to place in this group. We have many west coast sequences, but I would like an east coast sequence to verify that we have the same species. Inocybe PNW09 - known from 6 BC sequences, sister to I. agglutinata. It's probably a brown species. Inocybe fuscodisca NY (=Inocybe fuscicothumata NS) - usually a distinct dark eye on the disc. Brown fibrils on a white ground colour on the cap and stem. There are 3 clades of this species within 1.5% of each other with no known differences between them, so for now they're all considered the same species. Inocybe fuscicothumata is in one of the clades, and probably a newer synonym. Inocybe atrodisca n.p. - Two WA collections are a distinct species also with a dark eye, sister to I. sambucina. Inocybe agglutinata © Jacob Kalichman,     I. fuscodisca © Jacob Kalichman (from CA) and Todd Huang,     I. atrodisca n.p. © Richard Morrison   2. Pale, whitish caps, stem not bulbous Inocybe sindonia EU - pale capped, at least on the rim, with a cortina and the stem only pruinose at the top. Inocybe 'sindonia PNW23' - ~10% different in ITS from I. sindonia. I don't yet know how to tell them apart, but the real I. sindonia is rare here. Inocybe 'sindonia PNW24' - a second species in the complex, equally distinct in ITS. It has been examined microscopically and also seems to always be near Doug fir. Inocybe melleiconica NS - this closely related species is described with an entirely pruinose stem without a cortina. We have a bunch of BC and WA sequences matching an NS type sequence. Inocybe fraudens EU - a stocky whitish species with a cortina and non-pruinose stem with reddening flesh and a fruity or matsutake odor that does not appear to be in the same section as the other three. We have the type sequence, but no local sequences to see if the couple of old reports of this species being here are true. Inocybe 'fraudens CA01' - we do have this undescribed species with the same matsutake odor and stocky white fruitbody, but it does have significant differences. It appears to lack a cortina, have a pruinose stem, and discolour yellow. It was sequenced once from OR under oak, and differs by 10% in ITS. Inocybe 'sindonia PNW23' © Buck McAdoo,     I. 'sindonia PNW24' © Fred Rhoades,     I. melleiconica (2 images) © Yi-Min Wang Inocybe 'fraudens CA01' © Jordan Gates (3 images)   3. Possible lilac stem apex when fresh (hard to detect, and for any of these species it may not be present, making this group difficult to recognize). Most seem capable of having true recurved scales on the cap and possibly the stem too. Almost all have a cortina when young, no stem bulb and are pruinose at most at the stem apex, if at all. These form a natural clade with the possible exception of I catalaunica, I. griseolilacina, I. pusio, and I. laetior. The colourful Inocybe cinnamomea is also in this clade, but you wouldn't know it as there are no purple tones on the stem. Inocybe obscuroides EU (=Inocybe cincinnata var. major EU) - with dark brown fibrils on the stem. Bandini showed that I. cincinnata var. major, reported from the PNW, is a newer synonym of I. obscuroides. But this DNA is not known from the PNW yet. Keep reading. Inocybe 'obscuroides IN01' - some reports of I. cincinnata var. major are this close sister species, found both in the west and in the east. Inocybe 'cincinnata PNW84' - Inocybe cincinnata EU is a complex of collections with ITS within 2% of each other that may need to be split into several species. One of two west coast clades in this complex is PNW84, known from WA and BC. The type variety was never reported from the PNW, so I don't know what collections of this had been called in the past. Inocybe CA29 - this is our second west coast clade in the I. cincinnata complex. It known from CA and ID. Inocybe pyrotricha WA - with reddish stem scales. We have the type sequence and a recent collection with a matching sequence, but the photo was lost. Inocybe 'griseolilacina PNW28' - this group often has a grey-brown cap (others have a more plain brown cap) and lacks dark brown fibrils on the stem. Some BC and WA sequences match one of the two sister species in Europe going by this name, but the spores are a little long for I. griseolilacina. The one spore measurement we have is on the high end for that species, averaging 10.3 × 5.5 µm. Note that there are 5 ambiguous locations in this ITS sequence, so some sequences that didn't get the ambiguous locations look different from each other. Inocybe 'griseolilacina PNW29' - some BC and WA sequences are match the second EU species, 2% different in ITS than the first. Spores average 8.8 x 5.4u, not as long as PNW28, and more in line with the real I. griseolilacina. Perhaps this is it. Inocybe pusio EU - we have a few EU concepts purporting to be this, but no matching local DNA to any of them yet. Perhaps one of the unnamed species is being mistaken for this. Inocybe catalaunica (=Inocybe leiocephala WA?) - we have the EU type sequence of I. catalaunica, but that DNA is not found in the PNW yet. I. catalaunica is not in the same clade as the rest of the "lilac stem apex" species in this group, so I am doubting the synonymy. Perhaps one of the unnamed species below is I. leiocephala instead. Being a local species, I. leiocephala is here and we need to figure out its ITS sequence. Inocybe laetior WA - unrelated, entirely pink stem (no bulb and entirely pruinose). Red-brown smoothish cap. We have the type sequence, but no recent sequences nor photographs. Its description seems distinct and unique and I wasn't sure where to key it out so I put it here in this group. Inocybe 'obscuroides IN01' ©Joe Matanzas,     Inocybe 'cincinnata PNW84' © Yi-Min Wang,     I. CA29 © Ed Barge   Inocybe 'griseolilacina PNW28' © Richard Morrison and Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     I. 'griseolilacina PNW29' © Jacob Kalichman Inocybe PNW17 - (Brandon's cincinnata sp. 1) from oak and pine with an appressed scaly conical cap. Two WA sequences and over a dozen matching BC sequences are in this clade, but I have not yet observed lilac colours in the upper stem. Inocybe PNW18 - (Brandon's cincinnata sp. 7) a similar spring species from conifers that might also be pointy capped, and might be recognized microscopically by exceptionally skinny metuloids and spores 9.5-11.5 x 5-6u. Two WA sequence and 10 BC sequences. Inocybe PNW50 - (Brandon's cincinnata sp. 4) from oak and pine. Known from 3 BC sequences. Inocybe PNW60 - (Brandon's cincinnata sp. 2) from Doug fir. Known from 2 BC sequences and one WA collection. A sister species' DNA has only been found in soil samples in the PNW so far, not fruiting. If it is ever found, it will be Brandon's cincinnata sp. 3. Inocybe minima MA - not known from the PNW until sequenced from WA, this is in the group that may have a lilac stem apex, but our collection did not appear to. Inocybe PNW76 - known from BC through CA. It may have a stem bulb (but not always) and may be stocky. It has not yet been seen with a purple stem apex, although it is in this clade.   Inocybe PNW17 © Jacob Kalichman,     I. PNW18 © Sadie Hickey and Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     I. PNW60 © Yi-Min Wang Inocybe minima © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     Inocybe PNW76 © William McCullough and Dean Lyons (from CA)   4. Truly scaly cap (but no lilac stem apex), no stem bulb, stem pruinose at most at apex (veil present). Many species are capable of scaly discs when old, but these are generally scaly at all ages. Inocybe lacera EU - dark brown scaly cap, stem nowhere pruinose (but strongly fibrillose) like the nodulose spored I. lanuginosa group. It has unique very long, cylindrical shaped spores (15x5u).  It is often found in very dry, poor soil (versus on wood for the I. lanuginosa group). Bandini provided sequences and we have dozens of matching sequences from BC and one from WA. Inocybe 'lacera IN86' - one ID sequence differs by almost 2%. It is also found in ENA. It has similar very cylindrical spores as in I. lacera. Inocybe 'lacera PNW83' - one BC and one OR sequence are different by almost 1%. Inocybe helobia EU - similar, in wet soil, with spores somewhat cylindrical but not nearly as much as in I. lacera. We have one OR collection matching Bandini's sequences when this was elevated to species from I. lacera var. helobia. Inocybe beaucensis np - similar and closely related to I. lacera and I. helobia, but distinct in ITS. I don't yet know how to differentiate it. We have one OR collection matching NY and other sequences. Inocybe moravica EU - another similar species, only recognized in the PNW by DNA. One WA collection from conifers matches the type sequence which was of a collection under oak. Inocybe flocculosa EU - medium brown scaly cap, stem pruinose at apex only. We have dozens of EU sequences that match each other, and one ID collection that matches it so far. The cap was not as scaly as expected. Inocybe griseoscabrosa NY - this species was reported once from the PNW long ago, and we finally found a genetic match, matching east coast type area sequences. Keep reading. Inocybe microlepidota n.p. - a small (<2cm across) grey to yellow-grey scaly cap. It is very similar to I. griseoscabrosa. It has not been described yet, we have a WA and ID photo and sequence. Inocybe PNW78 - the one aging collection found in WA had a truly scaly cap, but we don't really know if it does when young. It didn't seem to have a stem bulb nor a pruinose stem. In other words, not much is known about it. Others thought it resembled Inocybe rupestris EU or Inocybe langei EU when it was found elsewhere in the world. Inocybe PNW81 - with a very scaly cap and stem, near I. microlepidota n.p. Inocybe lacera © Yi-Min Wang,     Inocybe helobia © Jordan Gates,     Inocybe 'lacera IN86' © Ed Barge,     Inocybe 'lacera PNW83' © Ty Creelan Inocybe beaucensis n.p. © Jordan Gates Inocybe moravica © Matthew Koons,     I. flocculosa © Ed Barge,     I. griseoscabrosa © Yi-Min Wang,     I. microlepidota n.p. © Jacob Kalichman Inocybe PNW78 © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     Inocybe PNW81 © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   5. Yellow-brown smoothish caps, stem bulb, much of the stem pruinose (similar to the nodulose spored I. mixtilis group, which are more common) Inocybe picrosma WA - yellow-brown, stem bulb, at least the stem apex pruinose. A unique resinous odor. It also appears to have an orange stem base, or as they say "the margin of the bulb almost always with a flush of salmon". We have the type sequence and matching WA collection Inocybe kauffmanii USA - yellow-brown cap, stem bulb and stem entirely pruinose. Brandon has provided sequences from the west coast; I don't know which coast the type is from. We should get east coast sequences to make sure they're the same, but so far this seems to be a species with variable ITS, as some west coast sequences are as much as 6bp different from each other. Inocybe chalcodoxantha NS - also a yellow-brown cap, stem bulb and entirely pruinose stem but with a pale umbo. We have the NS type sequence, but no local sequences yet to confirm. It was described from both NS and WA, so I expect it is here. Inocybe semifulva NS - two toned smoothish cap, tawny on the disc and yellow at the margin. Sometimes a stem bulb, stem pruinose at the top. We have the NS type sequence, but no local sequences yet to confirm. It was described from both NS and WA, so I expect it is here. Inocybe volvata WA - supposedly red-brown capped but our photographed collection is yellow brown. Small rounded stem bulb and pruinose at the stem apex. The cortina is capable of leaving a volva on the stem base. Brandon provided a reliable sequence, we have sequenced it from WA and BC. Inocybe PNW67 - one collection from WA in a distant section from most others with I. zethi EU. Inocybe PNW68 - one collection from OR in the same distant clade as 67. Inocybe PNW69 - one collection from BC in the same clade. No fresh photo. Inocybe picrosma © Richard Morrison,     I. kauffmanii © Yi-Min Wang,     I. volvata © Jacob Kalichman (2 images) Inocybe PNW67 © Yi-Min Wang (3 images),     I. PNW68 © Jonathan Frank   6. Yellow- to cinnamon-orange to red-brown fibrillose caps (not just plain brown) Inocybe submuricellata NY var. stenospermina NS - yellowish cap, no stem bulb, pruinose at stem apex. We have the NS type sequence, but no local sequences of this mushroom described from NS and WA. We don't have the type variety sequence to know if this is a valid variety or needs to be elevated to species. Inocybe cinnamomea CA - with cinnamon coloured gills, but quite a variable cap - from pale to dark cinnamon, and a fibrillose (not pruinose) stem without a bulb, it is usually a little more brightly capped than the typical Inocybe, almost like Cortinarius, but those are not this tattered. We have the CA type sequence, many BC sequences and three matching WA sequences that were photographed. However, some collections seem to have spores much larger than expected, 9-12 x 5-7u, while other collections with identical sequences have the expected spore size of 7-9 x 4-5.5u. Inocybe citrifolia n.p. (PNW14) - We have one collection from OR and another from CA, where it is more common and referred to as 'citrine gills' in Mushrooms of the Redwood Coast. This mushroom has yellowish gills when young, sometimes has a bulbous stem base, and is more pruinose along the stem instead of fibrillose. Inocybe PNW79 - with a similar bright cap but the gills on the youngest fruitbody didn't seem very bright. It seems to be in a group with I. cinnamomea and I. citrifolia. Known from only 2 WA collections. Inocybe cinnamomea (2 images) © Yi-Min Wang,     I. citrifolia © Jenny Lippert and Justin Paulin,     I. PNW79 © Yi-Min Wang   Inocybe praecox WA - a low elevation spring species, stem entirely pruinose often with a bulb. We have reliable DNA. It is described as yellow-brown, but reliable photos are more colourfully orange-brown. We need photographed, sequenced collections. Inocybe olympiana WA - yellow-brown to cinnamon coloured cap, farinaceous odor, fibrillose (not pruinose) stem with a bulb, seemingly preferring old growth forests. We have the type sequence and a recent BC and OR sequence. Inocybe 'olympiana CA01' - one OR sequence and several CA sequences are distinct by about 3%. No word yet on how to tell them apart. Inocybe chondroderma WA - this orange-brown capped species with a paler margin has no stem bulb and is pruinose at the apex only. It is the only species that turns turquoise from the chemical PDAB. We have the type sequence and many matching BC sequences, and one photographed collection from WA. Inocybe vaccina EU - orange-brown cap, no stem bulb, entirely white pruinose stem. Bandini provided a sequence and an ENA sequence is 2% different. We have no local sequenced collections yet to prove that this is what our bright orange collections are. Inocybe praecox © Danny Miller,     Inocybe olympiana © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     I. 'olympiana CA01' © Yi-Min Wang Inocybe chondroderma © Richard Morrison,     possible I. vaccina © Steve Trudell Inocybe monticola UT - red brown cap sometimes with pale universal veil material on the disc, no stem bulb, entirely pruinose stem, found in the spring at high elevations. We have the UT type sequence and many matching BC sequences. unsequenced Inocybe monticola © Shannon Adams   7. Brightly coloured gills Inocybe 'flocculosa bright yellow gills' - what is this? It resembles I. flocculosa var. crocifolia. No sequences yet. Inocybe 'flocculosa bright yellow gills' © Danny Miller   8. Brown smoothish cap, entirely pruinose stem, no stem bulb Inocybe brunneolipes NS - we have the NS type sequence, but no local sequences yet to confirm. It was described from both NS and WA, so I expect it is here.   9. Brown fibrillose cap, stem bulb?, entirely pruinose stem? Inocybe 'splendens PNW01' - with a stem bulb and pruinose at least on the stem apex. Sometimes umbonate. The several species that resemble I. splendens do not clade together, including this one, not closely related to I. splendens. Inocybe 'splendens PNW01' © Yi-Min Wang Inocybe PNW19 - with a stem bulb and pruinose stem. One collection had a prominent umbo. One BC and two WA sequences. Inocybe PNW20 - also appears to have a stem bulb and pruinose stem. Spores 10-11.5 x 5-6µ. One OR and one WA sequence. Inocybe PNW22 - it has a stem bulb and an apparently pruinose stem. A handful of BC and WA sequences, some of these were mistakenly identified as Inocybe nitidiuscula. Inocybe PNW51 - known from 21 BC sequences and an ID and CA collection with photos. It appears to have an entirely pruinose stem but just a suggestion of a stem bulb, if at all. Inocybe PNW19 © Jacob Kalichman (2 images),     Inocybe PNW20 © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History, and Yi-Min Wang Inocybe PNW22 © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     Inocybe PNW51 © Warren Cardimona (2 images)   10. Brown fibrous cap, no stem bulb, pruinose at most at apex only - this is the largest and most indistinct group of species. Inocybe PNW70 - in the Inocybe soluta/subcarpta nodulose clade, and discussed in the nodulose section, but unusually having lost its nodulose spores. Inocybe nitidiuscula EU - this species has variable ITS but there are no ecological, geographical or morphological differences to be found yet. We have an epitype sequence and a bunch of local sequences inside the clade of other type sequences of it. Inocybe involuta EU is a synonym. Inocybe PNW82 - sister to the group of species in the Inocybe nitidiuscula complex, along with Inocybe CA44. Known from one WA collection. Inocybe pseudodestricta EU - 5 BC sequences match many EU sequences fairly well, but there is a bit of variation in ITS. Inocybe glabripes EU (=Inocybe fuscidula EU) - Bandini synonymized them. We have the type sequence of I. glabripes, but no local sequences to prove the many reports of I. fuscidula, which may have been something else. Inocybe plurabellae EU - actual shade of brown said to be extremely variable. It may be a spruce species. One local Victoria BC sequence is 1.5% different than the EU type sequence, but the paper could not find any ecological or morphological differences, so it is being considered the same species. Inocbye hotsoniana WA - stem not pruinose, but quite fibrillose. We have the type sequence and matching BC, OR and CA sequences. Our one photo shows the cap can be quite dark and scaly. Inocybe oetziana EU - we have some BC and WA sequences that match fairly well to the EU type sequence (except for one long chunk of indels) and other sequences that vary by up to 6bp, mostly in ITS2. The various sequences don't seem to separate into groups of species, so for now I am assuming that this is all one species with variable ITS, especially ITS2. Inocybe ochroalba EU - known from one ID collection. Inocybe nitidiuscula © Yi-Min Wang (2 images),     I. PNW82 © Haley Burrill,     I. hotsoniana © Warren Cardimona Inocybe oetziana © Jacob Kalichman and Yi-Min Wang,     I. ochroalba © Ed Barge   Inocybe 'lanatopurpurea PNW26' - while I. lanatopurpurea itself is known for wooly universal cap material and purple tones in the cap, stem and flesh, our related species may not exhibit the same features. Our collections seem to have relatively smooth brown caps. Perhaps the best clue to recognizing it is that both WA collections had sparse crystals on the metuloids. The spores measure 9.5-11.5 x 5-6µ. Sequences of PNW26 are almost 3% different in ITS than the EU type sequence of I. lanatopurpurea. Inocybe 'lanatopurpurea PNW30' - one BC and one OR sequence are 1.5% different in ITS from PNW26. Inocybe 'lanatopurpurea PNW73' - one OR and one CA collection in this clade of species, 2% from the others. Inocybe 'lanatopurpurea PNW26' © Yi-Min Wang and Jacob Kalichman,     I. 'lanatopurpurea PNW30' © Jonathan Frank,     I. 'lanatopurpurea PNW73' © Hannah Suli Inocybe PNW16 - two WA collections sequence near a group of species around I. nitidiuscula, I. alberichiana and I. laurina, but is probably itself undescribed. Inocybe PNW57 - 5 BC and 1 WA sequence are also near I. nitidiuscula. This species' fibrillose stem almost looks pruinose the entire length, but babies seem to show a cortina. Inocybe PNW16 © Jacob Kalichman and Richard Morrison,     I. PNW57 © Yi-Min Wang (2 images) Inocybe PNW27 - one OR sequence and 18 BC sequences Inocybe PNW56 - some BC sequences. Inocybe PNW77 - one WA collection. Its relatives suggest it may have an entirely pruinose stem (and some pruinosity has been observed on the lower stipe), and a stem bulb (although the photographed collection did not have a stem bulb). This may have to be moved to a different section when the results are more conclusive. Inocybe griseovelata EU - known from one ID collection, not previously suspected to be in the PNW. This collection and others from back east do not show the grey velipellis and the reddish tinged stipe that EU collections do, but the ITS seems to be the same. Inocybe PNW27 © Ann Goddard,     I. PNW56 © Kem Luther (2 images),     I. PNW77 © Drew Henderson (2 images),     I. griseovelata © Ed Barge Inocybe 'subdestricta PNW80' - one ID collection has a sequence that matches an east coast sequence thought to be I. subdestricta MI. But since we don't have a type sequence, or any more evidence than that, I'm using a temp code for now. Although our photo shows a very yellow-brown capped collection, it is thought that it often has a darker brown cap. Inocybe 'subdestricta PNW80' © Ed Barge   Unknown appearance (no photos or description available) Inocybe PNW21 - one Victoria BC sequence, no photos. Their position in the tree tells me these species are likely smooth spored. Inocybe PNW58 - known from 3 BC sequences, no photos. Inocybe PNW59 - known from 12 BC sequences, no photos.   no DNA available yet, but described with smooth spores and reported from the PNW Inocybe eutheloides NY - Inocybe hemileuca CA - Inocybe pallidipes NA - some interpret as I. flocculosa Inocybe siskiyouensis OR -    Unknown spore shape Inocybe PNW37 - orange brown cap, no stem bulb. From our one known photo, the stem appears pruinose at the apex but probably not for most of the length, but I can't be sure. It appears in the tree with nodulose spored species, but it was mistaken for a smooth spored species although I don't know if they checked the spores or not. It was sequenced once from BC and once from OR and mistakenly shown in Bandini's tree as I. lampetiana, a smooth spored species, but it is nothing like that type sequence. Inocybe PNW37 © iNaturlist user winterwren22   There are more than 1,000 local sequences of Inocybe in GenBank, and I was not able to look at every single one of them, so more species exist.

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