Summary of Interesting Results Here are some of the newest, most interesting results of the study: reports of Crepidotus mollis actually seem to represent the distinct species Crepidotus calolepis as well as an unnamed species. one of our common species may be the little known Crepidotus occidentalis - Crepidotus were well studied microscopically back in 1965 and we have a microscopic key to morphologic species, but we have little genetic information about most of them and need a modern study to figure out which are unique species and which are synonyms. Simocybe serrulata is our first Simocybe in the PNW confirmed by DNA.

Simocybe   Simocybe serrulata NY - the only Simocybe confirmed by DNA from the PNW. It has serrulate (or at least frayed) gill edges. We have more than a dozen matching sequences from back east that are within 1% of each other and ours (a little more variation than the usual 0.5%). A couple sequences of Simocybe sumptuosa, said to be almost identical except for a lack of serrulate gill edges (and considered a synonym by some), fall within the same clade and are difficult but not impossible to distinguish by ITS DNA. Assuming these sequences are correctly labeled, it remains to be seen if the species will be considered the same or separated by gill serration. We need local collection with no gill fraying. Simocybe serrulata © Yi-Min Wang   The following species have been also been reported or rumoured, at least once, from the PNW, but we don't have any sequences yet to give an accurate picture. Collect all of them that you can find. Simocybe centunculus EU Simocybe rubi EU (=haustellaris?) Simocybe sumptuosa UK - as noted above, some say this is a synonym of Simocybe serrulata. We need local sequences of collections without gill serration to study. Simocybe cf centunculus © Danny Miller,     Simocybe cf haustellaris and cf sumptuosa © A and O Ceska

Crepidotus   DISTINCTIVE SPECIES (hairy species and/or clampless) Crepidotus calolepis EU (C. mollis misapplied) - with a gelatinous, peelable cap cuticle. No clamp connections and often with lots of brown hairs on the cap (most other species have a smooth cap). We have been erroneously calling this Crepidotus mollis for years. The error happened because Hesler and Smith placed more emphasis on microscopic differences than macroscopic ones, and they considered Crepidotus mollis (smooth to almost smooth-capped) and Crepidotus mollis var. calolepis (with many brown hairs) to be the same thing, as they were microscopically very similar, even though they looked very different. Since the hairy capped C. calolepis used to be a variety of C. mollis, they used the name C. mollis for both of them. So that's how our PNW collections of C. calolepis started being erroneously called C. mollis. It is now widely accepted that the two species are different and the genetics bears that out as they are quite distinct, and our DNA matches C. calolepis and not C. mollis. Ironically, if you use North American guidebooks, which usually repeat H&S' error, our mushroom will key out incorrectly to C. mollis, but if you use a European guidebook (which you're not supposed to do) where they acknowledge both species, you would key out to the correct species. Crepidotus fraxinicola NY/Crepidotus ochraceus OR - with subtle hairs, but still with a peelable cap cuticle. C. fraxinicola has smaller spores and a lack of incrustations on the cap hairs. C. ochraceus has larger spores and a total lack of brown pigment in the cap epicuticular hyphae. Local collections with both spore sizes have basically the same ITS, implying the spore size is variable and there may be only one species. If so, C. fraxinicola is the oldest name. However, east coast type area sequences differ from PNW sequences from 4-6 bp. There is no known way to differentiate east coast from local collections yet, but if they are different species, then C. ochraceus is the best name for local collections. Crepidotus sububer ID - like C. calolepis but with the gelatin extending a bit deeper into the cap. We'll need a type sequence or other collections to sequence to find out if this is really a distinct species. Crepidotus mollis var. cystidiosus WA - like C. calolepis with pleurocystidia. We'll need a type sequence or other collections to sequence to find out if this deserves recognition as a distinct variety or species. If so, it will need a new name. Crepidotus calolepis © Yi-Min Wang,     C. fraxinicola © Buck McAdoo   Crepidotus crocophyllus OH - our other distinctly hairy brown species, lacking a gelatinous cap cuticle, this is the most colourful species we have, with yellow-orange cap and young gills. It has round spores. If the colours have faded, it can still be recognized by a bright orange KOH reaction. East coast sequences all differ from each other by 5 bp or so (a little less than 1%), and our two local sequences differ from each other by 1%, so there's some genetic variation in this species, but for now I'm assuming it's all one species. Crepidotus crocophyllus © Richard Morrison   Crepidotus 'epibryus PNW01'  - somewhat easy to recognize with a paler brown spore deposit than the other species, and a usually small (<2 cm) white cap that is usually rounder than other species' caps. The spores are often somewhat spindle shaped (fatter in the middle) or pip shaped (pointy on one end but round on the other like an apple seed). Clampless. Our two BC sequences that match each other are nothing like EU sequences claiming to be C. epibryus. C. herbarum NY and C. pubescens EU are similar species reported from the PNW, but some think they are both the same as C. epibryus. A second species could be here, because Hesler and Smith reported collections with a different spore size and shape that they called C. pubescens, so even though most folks now think their concept of C. pubescens is the same as C. epibryus, I would like collections with both spore sizes to verify how many species we have. Crepidotus subverrucisporus var. megalosporus CO -two EU sequences with this name suggest that C. subverrucisporus is related to the real C. epibryus, but not C. 'epibryus PNW01'. The species has often been mistaken for C. epibryus, as it is also a small, round, white capped species. One WA sequenced collection that is in this part of the tree is small and round, but has a brown cap. It has the very large spores of var. megalosporus. Crepidotus subverrucisporus var. subverrucisporus EU/var. roseifolius MI - Both the EU type variety and a MI variety roseifolius are reported from OR. They should still be looked for. Crepidotus 'epibryus PNW01' © Christian Schwarz,     C. subverrucisporus var. megalosporus © Yi-Min Wang   Crepidotus cf versutus NY - dry, white hairy cap (white hairs), no clamp connections and large elliptical spores (7-11u long). Hesler and Smith never found this species in the PNW, but others have since reported it in BC, WA and ID. It's distinctive, so if it's here and not that rare, how did H&S miss it? We need sequences to see if this is really what people are finding, but we don't yet have any ITS sequences of this east coast species to compare to (but some LSU sequences suggest it is related to C. epibryus).   ROUND SPORED SPECIES WITH CLAMPS (C. crocophyllus has been discussed above) Crepidotus applanatus var. applanatus EU - white cap, round spores <= 5u, with thinner individual gills than C. malachius? Crepidotus applanataus var. globiger EU - similar, but with round spores >5u. We have ITS DNA from WA of this variety, and ITS DNA of collections of unknown variety, but I need collections where the spores are verified to be <5u to ensure that there is no ITS difference between varieties. Crepidotus stipitatus MI - we found a collection of Crepidotus applanatus once with a tiny, stubby stem near Mt. Rainier in WA. It sequenced the same as C. applanatus. But as it had a tiny stem, it looked like it might be C. stipitatus, one of the only species described with any sort of a stem. However, since C. applanatus can have a "short, white plug" for a stem, and C. stipitatus is described with a stem only 2-3 mm long, and as under the scope they look pretty much the same, either C. stipitatus is not a distinct species or if it is, it is not found in the PNW. Crepidotus malachius var. trichifer WA - white cap, round spores > 5u with thicker individual gills than C. applanatus? Originally called var. trichiferus. Crepidotus malachius is an old Fries species, which usually are from Europe, but this was one of the exceptions that may have been based on a New England description. We only have EU sequences, not ENA sequences, but I am assuming they represent the real thing. C. malachius var. trichifer varies microscopically from the type variety and was described from WA, but we need collections and sequences to see if it is the same as the type variety, deserves its status as a distinct variety, or should be a separate species. Crepidotus subsphaerosporus EU (=variabilis var. subsphaerosporus, =cesatii var. subsphaerosporus) - reported from WA and ID, this is another white capped roundish spored species, perhaps not as perfectly round spored as the others, although the round spored species don't appear to clade together, so that may not have much genetic meaning. We don't have any sequences of this at all, although we do have EU sequences of the type varieties of C. variabilis and C. cesatii, which do not have round spores, and therefore probably are not the same as this variety, even though some have synonymized them. Crepidotus applanatus © Danny Miller,     with a short stem © NAMA and the Field Museum of Natural History   Crepidotus contortus WA - brownish cap (not white like the above), round punctate spores, narrow gills, contorted cheilocystidia. No sequences from anywhere yet, we need collections. Crepidotus pallidobrunneus MI - also a brownish cap, round punctate spores , broad gills, "normal" cheilocystidia, reported by H&S from OR. No sequences from anywhere yet, we need collections.   ELLIPTICAL SPORED SPECIES WITH CLAMPS (C. epibryus has been addressed above) Crepidotus cf lundellii EU - we have many EU sequences, but no local sequences to compare to yet to make sure ours is the same thing. It is reported very often in the PNW and said to be quite common, so it's suspicious that I haven't run across it yet. It has smooth, elliptical spores, or at least warts that are smaller and harder to find than other species. Crepidotus amygdalosporus EU - similar, with warty, elliptical spores, it was formerly considered a separate species, but is now considered a synonym of Crepidotus lundellii because the former may actual have warts, they may just be harder to find. We don't have any sequences from anywhere, though, to confirm the synonymy. Crepidotus circinatus WA - three WA and 1 OR sequence match an isotype sequence of Crepidotus circinatus, which has slightly roughened spores 6-8x4.5-6u. Crepidotus spore ornamentation is very hard to see, requiring a high quality oil immersion lens, so whether or not spores have some kind of ornamentation is not consistently reported. Crepidotus variabilis var. trichocystis MI - Smith described this from MI and ID, with smaller slightly roughened spores, and we have a sequence of one of his original ID collections. It is >6% different than EU sequences of the type variety, so perhaps it will need its own species name someday, especially if other species are discovered in between them (but I don't know of any so far). It is also reported from BC. Crepidotus PNW02 - we still need to figure out which non-round spored species this keys out to, but interestingly, it's ITS DNA is not within 15% of any other species we've sequenced so far. Crepidotus circinatus © Fred Rhoades (2 images),     C. PNW02 © Yi-Min Wang (2 images)   Locally described - these species, all differentiated only microscopically, do not have round spores (nor any gelatin in the cap cuticle, nor any coloured hairs on the cap). They must exist here, as they were described either locally or using material from the PNW as supporting collections. However, we know nothing about them. We need type sequences, or new collections that key out to them to start to figure out what they are, and which of them are duplicates of each other or something else. Crepidotus cinnamomeus ID Crepidotus ellipsoideus MI (+ID) - invalidly published as there was no accompanying illustration, so if it is a real, distinct species, it may have to be redescribed. Crepidotus fimbriatus ID - we have a photo of a collection that keyed out to this from perhaps CA, but no DNA. Crepidotus fusisporus MI +WA (+var. simplex MI +OR) Crepidotus lagenicystis WA Crepidotus lanuginosus ID Crepidotus occidentalis WA - very similar to C. circinatus, but smooth spored. Crepidotus payettensis ID Crepidotus pseudoflammeus WA Crepidotus rainierensis WA Crepidotus regularis MI +WA, OR, ID Crepidotus stratosus ID - loosely interwoven cap cuticle hyphae on top of tightly interwoven hyphae (unique in the genus in the PNW), long cheilocystidia and large spores. Crepidotus submollis WA +OR,BC Crepidotus villosus MI +WA,ID Crepidotus vulgaris MI +WA

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